Abstract
ABSTRACTAcoustic deterrents have shown potential as a viable mitigation measure to reduce human impacts on bats; however, the mechanisms underpinning acoustic deterrence of bats have yet to be explored. Bats avoid ambient ultrasound in their environment and alter their echolocation calls in response to masking noise. Using stereo thermal videogrammetry and acoustic methods, we tested predictions that: (i) bats would avoid acoustic deterrents and forage and social call less in a ‘treated airspace’; (ii) deterrents would cause bats to fly with more direct flight paths akin to commuting behaviour and in line with a reduction in foraging activity, resulting in increased flight speed and decreased flight tortuosity; and (iii) bats would alter their echolocation call structure in response to the masking deterrent sound. As predicted, overall bat activity was reduced by 30% and we recorded a significant reduction in counts of Pipistrellus pygmaeus (27%), Myotis spp. (probably M. daubentonii) (26%), and Nyctalus spp. and Eptesicus spp. (68%) passes. Pipistrellus pygmaeus feeding buzzes were also reduced by the deterrent in relation to general activity (by 38%); however, social calls were not (only 23% reduction). Bats also increased their flight speed and reduced the tortuosity of their flight paths, and P. pygmaeus reduced echolocation call bandwidth and start frequency of calls in response to deterrent playback, probably owing to the masking effect of the sound. Deterrence could therefore be used to remove bats from areas where they forage, for example wind turbines and roads, where they may be under threat from direct mortality.
Highlights
Acoustic deterrents reduce bat activity at foraging sites in the UK (Gilmour et al, 2020), reduce bat mortality at wind farms (Arnett et al, 2013; Weaver et al, 2020) and are effective in tackling human– bat conservation conflicts in historic buildings (Zeale et al, 2016)
There was no effect of the deterrents on flight height, or trajectory length
Echolocation call analyses We identified 5440 bat passes, 1343 feeding buzzes and 718 social calls from a total of 9 h of ultrasonic recording, on nine nights at
Summary
Acoustic deterrents reduce bat activity at foraging sites in the UK (Gilmour et al, 2020), reduce bat mortality at wind farms (Arnett et al, 2013; Weaver et al, 2020) and are effective in tackling human– bat conservation conflicts in historic buildings (Zeale et al, 2016). Potential mechanisms for the effect of noise on animals include noise avoidance, a reduction in attention owing to the noise, and auditory masking (Chan et al, 2010; Purser and Radford, 2011; Francis and Barber, 2013; Moore, 2013; Luo et al, 2015). Noise avoidance usually occurs when a sound in an animal’s environment represents an uncomfortable or aversive stimulus or potential stressor (Francis and Barber, 2013; Luo et al, 2015). Foraging was reduced in Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii) by traffic noise playbacks that did not overlap in frequency with returning echolocation echoes and represented an aversive stimulus, rather than a masking one (Luo et al, 2015)
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