Abstract
Acoustic backscatter cross sections (normalized scattered pressure intensities) are evaluated for rough seas using a unified full-wave approach that accounts for specular point scatter and Bragg scatter in a self-consistent manner. Thus the two-scale model of the sea surface is not used in these investigations. Different surface wind speeds are considered. The full-wave cross sections are shown to be significantly different for excitations from above or below the air–water interface. The full-wave solutions are compared with the corresponding physical-acoustic and small-perturbation solutions.
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