Abstract
Acid is a major cause of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. However, the influence of acid on the esophageal stratified epithelial barrier function and tight junction (TJ) proteins is not fully understood. Here, we explore the influence of acid on barrier function and TJ proteins using a newly developed model of the esophageal-like squamous epithelial cell layers that employs an air–liquid interface (ALI) system. Barrier function was determined by measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and diffusion of paracellular tracers. TJ-related protein (claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and ZO-1) expression and localization was examined by immunofluorescent staining, and by western blotting of 1% NP-40 soluble and insoluble fractions. We also examined the influence of acid (pH 2–4) on the barrier created by these cells. The in vitro ALI culture system showed a tight barrier (1500–2500 Ω·cm2) with the expression of claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and ZO-1 in the superficial layers. Claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and ZO-1 were detected as dots and whisker-like lines in the superficial layers, and as a broad line in the suprabasal layers. These localization patterns are similar to those in the human esophagus. On day 7 under ALI culture, TJ proteins were detected in the superficial layers with functional properties, including decreased permeability and increased TEER. Dilated intercellular spaces were detected at the suprabasal cell layers even under the control conditions of ALI cells. pH 2 acid on the apical side significantly reduced the TEER in ALI-cultured cells. This decrease in TEER by the acid was in parallel with the decreased amount of detergent-insoluble claudin-4. Claudin-4 delocalization was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. In conclusion, TJs are located in the superficial layers of the esophagus, and acid stimulation disrupts barrier function, at least in part by modulating the amount and localization of claudin-4 in the superficial layers.
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