Acid deposition effects on forest composition and growth on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia

Abstract

The northern and central Appalachian forests are subject to high levels of atmospheric acid deposition (AD), which has been shown in some forests to negatively impact forest growth as well as predispose the forest system to damage from secondary stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of AD to changes in composition and productivity of the Monongahela National Forest, and to evaluate soil-based indicators of acidification that might be useful for detecting AD-related forest changes. Soils adjacent to 30 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) sites were sampled and analyzed for a suite of acidity indicators. These indicators were correlated with the periodic mean annual volume increment (PMAVI) of the forest stands on FIA plots for the 10-yr period 1989–2000. PMAVI ranged from −9.5 to 11.8 m 3 ha −1 yr −1, with lower-than-expected growth (<3 m 3 ha −1 yr −1) on two-thirds of the sites. In the surface horizon, effective base saturation, Ca 2+ concentration, base saturation, K + concentration, Ca/Al molar ratio, and Mg/Al molar ratio, were positively correlated with PMAVI and Fe concentration was negatively correlated with PMAVI ( p ≤ 0.1). In the subsurface horizon pH (w) and effective base saturation were positively correlated and Al 3− concentration and K + concentration were negatively correlated with PMAVI. We hypothesized that NO 3-N/NH 4-N ratio would also be correlated with PMAVI, but it was not. Correlations between soil chemical indicators and PMAVI suggest that AD may contribute, in part, to the lower-than-expected forest growth on the Monongahela National Forest.