Abstract
Abstract Haemolymphatic P O 2 , P CO 2 , and pH, and ionic concentrations of haemolymph and branchial chamber water were measured in submerged and emersed crabs. Hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis were recorded after 15 min of air exposure, then P CO 2 remained constant and pH was compensated. Sodium concentration increased in haemolymph and decreased in branchial water. The difference between haemolymph Na + and Cl − increased dramatically. Acid–base balance is restored by two mechanisms: a) increase of the P CO 2 gradient across the gills and consequently the rate of CO 2 excretion; b) the increase in the strong ion difference, caused by branchial sodium uptake, compensates the hypercapnic acidosis.
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