Abstract
Relaxor ferroelectrics have garnered enormous attention for their great application potential in pulsed power energy-storage capacitors, while simultaneously achieving large recoverable energy density (Wrec) and high efficiency (η) remains a formidable challenge. Through collaboratively controlling multiscale structure via a combination of composition design and processing improvement, polar nanodomains with multiple local symmetries were engineered in ultrafine grains, enabling significantly reduced polarization hysteresis, delayed saturation polarization, maintained high polarization, and enhanced breakdown strength. As a result, an excellent comprehensive energy-storage performance of Wrec ∼11.8 J/cm3 and η ∼88.7 % is achieved in the (Na, K)NbO3-based spark-plasma-sintered lead-free ceramics, together with stable charge-discharge properties of power density ∼176.3 MW/cm3, discharge energy density ∼3.2 J/cm3, and discharge time ∼43 ns over a wide temperature range of 20–140 °C. The studied ceramic demonstrates great advantages in advanced capacitive energy-storage applications.
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