Abstract
In this research, the cadmium sulfide—graphite carbon nitride (CdS-g-C3N4) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared nanocomposite was evaluated in the degradation of ceftriaxone sodium (CTX) antibiotic from aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The influence of the operational variables such as the amount of photocatalyst (g/L), initial CTX concentration (mg/L), pH, and irradiation time (min) on the photodegradation process was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM)—central composite design (CCD) model. The maximum degradation percentage (92.55%) was obtained in the optimal condition, including 0.06 g/L of CdS-g-C3N4 photocatalyst, 15 mg/L of CTX, pH = 10.5, and irradiation time = 81 min. The efficient photocatalytic performance of CdS-g-C3N4 nanocomposite is due to the appropriate alignment of energy levels between the CdS and g-C3N4, which synergistically impact the charge separation and the degradation efficiency of CTX. The kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation process was well described by Langmuir–Hinshelwood’s pseudo-first-order model (kapp = 0.0336 min−1).
Highlights
In recent years, the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewaters has attracted a lot of attention due to their various adverse effects on the environment and human life [1,2,3,4]
It can be seen that the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of pure CdS and CdS-g-C3N4 are similar which is in good agreement with the literatures [42, 43]
The results proposed that 92.55 % of CTX antibiotic degrades at the initial CTX concentration of 15 mg/L, 0.06 g/L of CdS-g-C3N4 photocatalyst, pH = 10.5, and 81 min visible light irradiation
Summary
The removal of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewaters has attracted a lot of attention due to their various adverse effects on the environment and human life [1,2,3,4]. In the RSM category, central composite design (CCD) has been widely used for the optimization of the photocatalytic degradation process because of the advantage of optimizing multifactor problems with the optimum number of experimental runs [3] In this project, the CdS-g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesized via the chemical precipitation method and applied as an efficient photocatalyst for the decomposition of ceftriaxone (CTX) under visible light irradiation. The degradation process was investigated by the experimental design using RSM based on CCD and the optimal condition obtained considering the interaction and individual effects of input variables (amount of photocatalyst, ceftriaxone concentration, pH, and irradiation time) and their primary influence over time. The process was examined from a kinetic point of view
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