Abstract
AbstractImportant operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.
Highlights
During the past 20 years, global aquaculture enterprise has succeeded and continues to increase while achieving the critical goals of environmental, economic, and societal sustainability
Most studies covered in this review have found that prebiotics reduce pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. (Proteobacteria phylum), while increasing lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Enterococcus (Firmicutes phylum)
This review only focused on common probiotics in aquaculture that include bacteria species of Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Pediococcus as well as brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Table 4)
Summary
During the past 20 years, global aquaculture enterprise has succeeded and continues to increase while achieving the critical goals of environmental, economic, and societal sustainability. The development of better feeds and aeration techniques were not limited to catfish farming in the United States; rather it has become the norm in several types of pond aquaculture leading to greater intensification and contributing much to the rapid increase in global aquaculture production during the past 50 years. At some point in the attempt to intensify production by stocking more fish and adding more food, total pond oxygen demand will become too high to be offset by natural oxygen inputs (oxygen diffusing into the water from air and produced in daytime photosynthesis) and dissolved oxygen concentrations will fall to levels that stress or kill the cultured animal. Another approach to address intensification is to enhance waste-treatment capacity on a whole-farm basis rather than in individual ponds These disparate management technologies have broken the barriers that limit productivity in conventional ponds while improving land- and water-use efficiencies and reducing pollution. Immunity, " disease resistance " immunity, " disease resistance $ growth, # FCR, " immunity ↕ bacterial composition, " gut bacterial diversity (NGS) $ growth, $ FCR, ↕ gut bacterial composition (NGS) " immunity, " disease resistance
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