Abstract
It is generally spoken that history repeats itself. The same is the case with the rise and fall of many civilizations including the Indus valley civilization. But we should learn lessons from the historical past for developing strategies and plans to reverse the trend of land degradation. During the Neolithic period, nearly 8000-4000 BCE, agro-pastoral and shifting cultivation were the normal ways of livelihood options. However, resource utilization was in harmony with nature, and resource sharing among the several social strata was extremely cordial. In the early Holocene soil erosion was very slow. During the middle Holocene, soil erosion rate was lower because luxurious vegetation cover protected the soil from water erosion, although the precipitation was high. However, the first major notification occurred at the end of the bronze age (or 1000 BCE) when post-Vedic people introduced the iron plough and started cultivation by burning down forest lands.
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