Abstract
Titanium and its alloys constitute the gold standard materials for oral implantology in which their performance is mainly conditioned by their osseointegration capacity in the host’s bone. We aim to provide an overview of the advances in surface modification of commercial dental implants analyzing and comparing the osseointegration capacity and the clinical outcome exhibited by different surfaces. Besides, the development of peri-implantitis constitutes one of the most common causes of implant loss due to bacteria colonization. Thus, a synergic response from industry and materials scientists is needed to provide reliable technical and commercial solutions to this issue. The second part of the review focuses on an update of the recent findings toward the development of new materials with osteogenic and antibacterial capacity that are most likely to be marketed, and their correlation with implant geometry, biomechanical behavior, biomaterials features, and clinical outcomes.
Highlights
The implantation of dental implants has become a common treatment for the replacement of missing or damaged teeth due to the great acceptance of implant therapies, with an estimated placement of more than two million implants per year worldwide, and a tendency to increase its use is expected due to the longer life expectancy of the population [1]
Surgical implantation of orthopedic and dental implants presents the risk of possible bacterial infection and failure of the device, as a result of an immune response triggered by the presence of a foreign body in the organism, and the adhesion and fixation of bacteria is favored by the use of implants with rough surfaces [33]
A consensus exists on the successful clinical outcomes for most commercial dental implants in the short and medium term, with some differences on the osteointegration degree depending on the manufacturing technique used
Summary
The implantation of dental implants has become a common treatment for the replacement of missing or damaged teeth due to the great acceptance of implant therapies, with an estimated placement of more than two million implants per year worldwide, and a tendency to increase its use is expected due to the longer life expectancy of the population [1]. The most widespread manufacturing techniques used to obtain bioactive commercially implants are sandblasting, acid-etching, anodization, plasma spraying, and laser radiation These treatments modify implants’ topography, varying the values of some properties, such as free surface energy, chemical composition, and roughness, which have been demonstrated to allow fast healing and better osseointegration [6,7]. Between 5% and 11% of dental implants do not achieve a satisfactory degree of osseointegration in the maxillofacial bone, leading to failure of the implant and alteration of the oral function [9]. This implies physical and economic damage to the patient and the specialist. It is worth highlighting that the dental implant brands referred to in this review mainly respond to the availability of peer-reviewed literature reporting advanced in vivo studies correlated with implant geometry, biomechanical behavior, biomaterial features, and clinical outcomes
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