Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. In Brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (FZ) occurred in 2001. Brazil has been recently recognized (2015–2016) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) with an FZ involving 15 states and the Federal District, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-free zone (NFZ), comprised by the North and Northeast regions of the country, with approximately 18% of the national pig herd and 5% of industrial production. This review aims to describe the history, the control and eradication actions, the recent occurrence of outbreaks in the NFZ, and the results obtained by the surveillance systems’ action in the FZ for CSF in Brazil since its creation. In the passive surveillance system, the notification of the suspect cases of classical swine fever (CSF) is mandatory while in the active surveillance system adopted in the FZ consists of serological monitoring of certified swine breeding farms (CSBFs), intensive pig farming (IPF), non-technified pig herds (NTPig), surveillance in slaughterhouses and monitoring the populations of wild pigs. In this region, the last outbreaks of the disease occurred in 1998, while in the NFZ, 28 outbreaks were detected from 2005 to 2017, with an apparent lethality rate of 93.96% (840/894). However, in 2018 and 2019, 68 new outbreaks were registered with an apparent lethality rate of 75.05% (1095/1459). Therefore, in 2019, the Brazil CSF-Free Strategic Plan was created to eradicate the infection from the country’s NFZ, since outbreaks in this region present a risk of reintroducing the disease FZ. Finally, differences in characteristics between the regions show factors that still need to be considered for the construction of a robust surveillance system in the NFZ and some improvements in the FZ. Thus, the control of CSF throughout the Brazilian territory requires strict sanitary guidelines, promoting animal health and, consequently, the national production chain’s competitiveness.
Highlights
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which belongs to the speciesPestivirus C, is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the growing genus Pestivirus, within the familyFlaviviridae [1,2,3]
Passive clinical surveillance from notification by owners, Official Veterinary Service or third parties; Communication of the increase in mortality rates by qualified veterinarians assisting swine breeding establishments; Active and continuous clinical surveillance in swine breeding establishments identified as having the highest risk of reintroducing CSF in the free zone (FZ); Serological monitoring of intensive pig farming (IPF) by the collection of samples in slaughterhouses, from breeders, which were sent for disposal; Seroepidemiological monitoring in non-technified pig herds (NTPig) at regular intervals; Semiannual serological monitoring in Certified Swine Breeding Farms (CSBFs); Ante and post-mortem inspection in swine slaughterhouses
The results showed an absence of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) circulation, agreeing with the information from active surveillance system for CSF used as basis for international certification by veterinary services for the trade of pigs and their products, originated in the FZ
Summary
Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which belongs to the species. In some countries with significant pig production CSF remains or is sporadically present, which may be associated with the limited implementation of prophylaxis actions [7,10], despite maintaining a government structure for surveillance and control Another challenge concerns the pigs and wild boar populations, as they are an important reservoir for the virus and source of infection for reintroduction in the domestic swine herds [11]. The actions were focused on identifying seronegative pigs and establishing free zones of the disease This program had already been applied to control the infection, it was impossible to eliminate the virus from the national territory, and many outbreaks of CSF still occurred across the country. Free zone (FZ), enabling the use of the structure of existing official services The results of this survey allowed MAPA, in 2001, to delimit and declare, based on evidence of the absence of viral circulation, a CSF FZ in Brazil [17]. The first CSF FZ in Brazil covered 51.7% of the national territory, 53.1% of the properties with swine, 78% of the pig herd, 87% of the housed breeding stock, and 93% of the slaughterhouses [18]
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