Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition disrupts metabolic reprogramming during hepatic stellate cell activation

Abstract

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of de novo lipogenesis and regulates fatty acid β-oxidation in hepatocytes. ACC inhibition reduces hepatic fat content and markers of liver injury in patients with NASH; however, the effect of ACC inhibition on liver fibrosis has not been reported. A direct role for ACC in fibrosis was evaluated by measuring de novo lipogenesis, procollagen production, gene expression, glycolysis, and mitochondrial respiration in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the absence or presence of small molecule inhibitors of ACC. ACC inhibitors were evaluated in rodent models of liver fibrosis induced by diet or the hepatotoxin, diethylnitrosamine. Fibrosis and hepatic steatosis were evaluated by histological and biochemical assessments. Inhibition of ACC reduced the activation of TGF-β-stimulated HSCs, as measured by both α-SMA expression and collagen production. ACC inhibition prevented a metabolic switch necessary for induction of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during HSC activation. While the molecular mechanism by which inhibition of de novo lipogenesis blocks glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is unknown, we definitively show that HSCs require de novo lipogenesis for activation. Consistent with this direct antifibrotic mechanism in HSCs, ACC inhibition reduced liver fibrosis in a rat choline-deficient, high-fat diet model and in response to chronic diethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury (in the absence of hepatic lipid accumulation). In addition to reducing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, ACC inhibition also directly impairs the profibrogenic activity of HSCs. Thus, small molecule inhibitors of ACC may lessen fibrosis by reducing lipotoxicity in hepatocytes and by preventing HSC activation, providing a mechanistic rationale for the treatment of patients with advanced liver fibrosis due to NASH. Hepatic fibrosis is the most important predictor of liver-related outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Small molecule inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) reduce hepatic fat content and markers of liver injury in patients with NASH. Herein, we report that inhibition of ACC and de novo lipogenesis also directly suppress the activation of hepatic stellate cells - the primary cell responsible for generating fibrotic scar in the liver - and thus fibrosis. These data provide further evidence for the use of ACC inhibitors to treat patients with NASH and advanced fibrosis.