Abstract
In mixed level applications, accurate voltage references are difficult to realise due to the lack of lateral p-n-ps and the large offsets inherent to CMOS opamps. If low power is essential, the accuracy is mainly impaired by the increased offset of the opamps. It is shown that by using chopping techniques, the accuracy of a bandgap voltage reference can be improved by about ten times without laser trimming, with the added benefit of reducing the 1/f noise of the amplifier.
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