Abstract
Levelling techniques is classified as geometric levelling, trigonometric levelling and GPS/Levelling depending on used instruments or the methods applied. Accuracies of geometric levelling with using three equipments (Leica NA-720 optical level, Topcon RL-VH4G2 laser level and Leica NA-3003 digital level), the trigonometric levelling with using two equipments (Topcon GTS710 total station and Topcon Imaging Station) and GPS/levelling with using Sokkia GSR2600 receiver were investigated to determine their performances against precise levelling that yields the most precise results. For this purpose, measurements were taken at hundred points on the ground of a well-protected site. The comparison of the results was performed based on accuracy, time cost and terrain independence. The comparison shows that levelling using digital level produces the closets results to precise levelling results, the time cost of GPS/levelling was 74% and 41% less than geometric and trigonometric levelling respectively, and trigonometric and GPS/levelling are independent of the terrain surveyed.
Highlights
Levelling is an operation that is used for determining the elevations of points or the differences in height between points on the earth’s surface
These techniques are classified as geometric levelling, trigonometric levelling, and GPS/Levelling according to used surveying instruments and applied measurement method (Ceylan et al 2005)
The elevations of precise levelling were assumed as true values in computation of the accuracies of measurements that were made by each tested method of levelling
Summary
Levelling is an operation that is used for determining the elevations of points or the differences in height between points on the earth’s surface. There are a lot of surveying techniques for determining elevations or height differences These techniques are classified as geometric levelling, trigonometric levelling, and GPS/Levelling according to used surveying instruments and applied measurement method (Ceylan et al 2005). The main difference between digital level and other levels is that the staff readings are taken and recorded automatically. This type of level uses a special bar-coded staff. Comparison of the time cost and terrain independence between the levelling methods is included in the current study
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