Abstract
Robotic total stations have been widely used in continuous automatic monitoring of dam deformations. In this regard, monitoring accuracy is an important factor affecting deformation analysis. First the displacements calculation methods for dam deformation monitoring with total stations are presented, and the corresponding mean square error formulas are derived. Then for errors caused by atmospheric refraction, two correction methods are described. Simulations were conducted to compare the displacement accuracy calculated through different methods. It indicated that the difference between polar coordinate method and forward intersection is less than 0.5mm within around 400m’ monitoring range, and in such cases, the polar coordinate method is preferred, as only one total station is required. Refraction correction tests with observations from two dams demonstrated that both correction methods could effectively enhance the monitoring accuracy. For observation correction, correction through the closest reference point achieves better correction results.
Highlights
As one of the most important engineering infrastructures, reservoir dams play an essential role in flood control, power generation, and irrigation [1]
Following the introduction of the continuous automatic monitoring system of dam deformation with robotic total stations, this study presents mathematical models for obtaining the horizontal and vertical displacements and corresponding accuracy estimation formulas
For a continuous remote unattended monitoring system of dam deformation based on robotic total stations, the main objective is to measure the displacements of the dam embankment and the slopes on both banks and to grasp the health status of the dam structure and its surroundings
Summary
As one of the most important engineering infrastructures, reservoir dams play an essential role in flood control, power generation, and irrigation [1]. GB-SAR technology can provide long-distance, large-scale, and continuous spatial coverage of deformation results and its monitoring accuracy can reach 0.1mm [14] It is used in dam monitoring [15, 16]. The total station is one of the most representative geodetic instruments, and it plays an important role in the field of deformation monitoring It has been broadly employed in deformation monitoring and geological hazards monitoring of dams [17], bridges [18], tunnels [19], and other civil infrastructures. Following the introduction of the continuous automatic monitoring system of dam deformation with robotic total stations, this study presents mathematical models for obtaining the horizontal and vertical displacements and corresponding accuracy estimation formulas. The performance of the two refraction correction methods was validated through observations from two dams
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