Accumulation and Tolerance of Mangroves to Heavy Metals: a Review

Abstract

Mangroves are under increasing heavy metal (HM) pollution pressure from human activities because of the rapid industrialization and urbanization in coastal areas. Field and laboratory experiments showed that the tolerance of mangrove plants to HM stress is normally a mixture of metal avoidance and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, related studies during the past few decades on the accumulation and tolerance of mangrove to HMs have been synthesized. In mangroves, metal accumulation mainly occurred at the root level with restricted transport to the aerial portions of the plant. The common founded HMs, such as copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and mercury, generally showed high bioconcentration factor in roots, while the concentration factors for these metals in leaves were usually much lower than one. The limited translocation of the toxic metals to the aerial parts renders the mangrove plants a high endurance ability to high levels of HM stress. To protect the cellular components from oxidative damage by HMs, mangroves have developed both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to scavenge the ROS. In some circumstances, the changes of antioxidative enzyme activity were usually in accordance with the changes of toxic metal concentrations in plant tissues. However, the responses of antioxidative enzymes in mangroves to HM stress varied with plant species, metal type, and concentration, as well as the duration of the treatment time. More toxicity tests are needed with early life stages of mangroves to determine threshold effect concentrations under more realistic conditions.