Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, the high demand for wood-based cooking fuels calls for urgent policy action to steer the cooking energy sector towards more sustainability. While the subnational scale is growing in importance for policy planning, current energy assessments still only consider individual entities without taking into account resource flows. Ignoring flows of biomass cooking fuels in supply–demand assessments is a system boundary problem that can lead to misleading policy recommendations. In this paper, we tackle the boundary problem in subnational supply–demand assessments and provide a tool to support knowledge-based decision-making on the management of biomass cooking fuels in sub-Saharan Africa. Using Kitui County as a case study, we developed and tested an approach consisting of a supply model, local demand model, balance model, availability model, and adjusted balance model. The balance model only considers local fuel supplies and demand, whereas the adjusted balance model also considers external demand, which reduces the locally available supply of fuel. The results show that fuel demand and supply are spatially heterogeneous and vary between wood-based and non-woody fuels, and that the transport distance of fuels strongly affects local fuel availability and determines whether the supply–demand balance is positive or negative. We conclude that subnational energy policies should consider geographical distribution of supply and demand, aim to increase the fuel mix, consider external demand in supply–demand assessments, and differentiate between fuels for self-consumption and the market.
Highlights
We tackle the boundary problem in subnational supply–demand assessments and provide a tool to support knowledge-based decision-making on the management of biomass cooking fuels in sub-Saharan Africa
The overall goal of this research is to develop a method to tackle the boundary problem in the context of a subnational supply–demand balance, and to provide a tool to support knowledge-based decision-making on the management of biomass cooking fuels in sub-Saharan Africa
The potential demand for cooking fuels at national scale is highest along the coast and between Lake Victoria and Kitui County, which is at the eastern edge of the densely populated area between Nairobi and Mount Kenya
Summary
In sub-Saharan Africa, wood-based fuels are the primary source of energy for cooking. Of rural and low-income urban households use mainly firewood or charcoal [1,2,3]. Wood-based cooking fuels are renewable, often available locally, and constitute an important income opportunity, notably for poor households in rural areas [4,5,6,7,8]. The sourcing, production, and use of these fuels is mainly unsustainable. Charcoal production has a substantial carbon footprint, contributing to climate change [9]; unsustainable cutting of wood is an important driver of environmental degradation [10,11,12]; charcoal emits high amounts of carbon monoxide; and the combustion of firewood releases fine particles both leading to indoor air pollution and the premature death of millions every year [13,14]
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