Abstract
The emerging and booming of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storages (ESs) endow power systems extra flexibility thanks to their ES capability. The charging and discharging activities of these facilities can be dispersed to perform demand response and benefit power grid operations. However, synchronous discharging from massive EVs and ESs may impose a huge power supply impact to potentially reshape the existing power markets. Unfortunately, this impact is always ignored by traditional research. To address the above-mentioned issues, discharging power from EVs and ESs is regarded as a kind of commodity in this paper. On such a basis, a pricing policy, where prices for discharging power poured into the power market and the user-side loads are regulated, is applied. The regulation strategy simultaneously incorporates the considerations of the system load condition, maximum power limit, aggregated discharging power from both the EVs and the ESs, as well as the user-side load in a fair manner. Besides, the battery degradation of EVs and EVs has also been considered. Furthermore, the price regulation obeys a hierarchical optimization procedure in which the operator acts as the leader to maximize its revenue, while the end appliances act as followers individually balancing their cost bill and comfort level. Also, the pricing policy is tested on a two-stage hierarchical market with a Genetic Algorithm-based hybrid algorithm. The outcome demonstrates that a prominent performance can be achieved in load shaping and economic benefit via the policy.
Highlights
Electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage (ESs) are innovative components in power systems which have been received considerable interests and studies in recent years
EVs can perform charging and discharging with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology [1], enabling EVs to store energy when power supply from the generation side is abundant whereas delivering power to power grids at timeslots with high load or in power shortage
With regard to the management for EVs and energy storages (ESs), current emerging literatures can be broadly divided into two directions: one is direct load control while another one is depended by price variations
Summary
Electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage (ESs) are innovative components in power systems which have been received considerable interests and studies in recent years. Dispatchable functionalities of EVs and ESs in reshaping the daily load profile, compensating the increasing intermittent renewable energy resources, assisting voltage and frequency regulation, etc., have been extensively reported [8]–[12] This thread of strategy provides certain flexibility to improve the operation of power networks, it violates somewhat the preferences of consumers to manage their energy consumptions. Many control schemes constrained by TOU (Time of use) price or forecasted retail prices dispatch EVs and ESs to cut down user expenses and simultaneously to improve the services & economics of power systems [13]–[15] Such strategies assume the price signals to be inelastic failing to capture the load impacts of integrated EVs and ESs on price variations. B) The price of providing discharging power service from EVs/ESs to the main grid and the price of the market load are separately regulated, with a well-designed & fair pricing strategy proposed.
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