Access to Primary Education of Remote Transmigration Community (A Case in Pohuwato Regency, Indonesia)

This paper describes the result of a longitudinal study of a sample of children from culturally and materially disadvantaged homes and a matched control group in which the children's educational attainments were assessed at the ages of 7, 11 and 15 years respectively. The finding that the disadvantaged children made significantly poorer academic progress than their more advantaged peers throughout their entire school careers and appeared to suffer a ‘cumulative deficit’ in their academic learning, supports the view that the early home environment has a major bearing upon the child's subsequent school progress. However, the importance of the early environment in this respect is probably conditional upon the stability of that environment during the child's school years. Aspects of the early environment which may particularly bear upon the child's school progress are discussed, but the importance of the interplay between home, school and ‘within child’ factors in determining the child's academic attainment i...

Children make up nearly half of Medicaid enrollees. While the impact of Medicaid coverage on the use of medical care has been extensively examined, few studies have addressed the impact of Medicaid on children's health and schooling. This article reports estimates of the effect of Medicaid enrollment on children's school absenteeism. Schooling is a particularly important outcome because it influences children's productivity and earnings as adults. I use panel data from five years of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the impact of Medicaid enrollment on the number of school absences in reduced form and structural equation models. The structural model includes equations for children's medical care use, health status, and school absences. Econometric methods employed include instrumental variable techniques, fixed effects estimation, and coarsened exact matching. I find that children with Medicaid coverage have significantly more doctor visits, doctor visits are significantly associated with better health, and children in better health miss significantly fewer days of school. I conclude that Medicaid enrollment significantly reduces school absences.

Kenyan government launched Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 to make schooling affordable to all parents, butless attention has been paid to the quality assurance and equity of the education system. Studies have indicated thatthe FPE policy sacrificed the quality of education and this led to parents avoiding FPE offered in primary schoolsand take their children to private schools which are considered costly. This study adopted descriptive survey designto as the research design. Rational comprehensive model theory was used which aims at discussing personal factorsinfluencing parental choice for primary education schools in Rachuonyo Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya. Thetarget population for this study was 5269 parents and 198 head teachers out of which 240 respondents were sampledthrough stratified random sampling. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as the main data collectiontools. Validity and reliability was ascertained by the internal consistency and piloting. The quantitative data wasanalyzed using data analysis matrix while the qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The findingsshowed that the parents had great interest on healthy environments; school safety, social atmosphere andconvenience are greatly considered by parents when making decision on schools for children. The findings of thestudy are that learning environment, school safety, social atmosphere and convenience all influence parental choicefor primary schools in Rachuonyo South Sub County. Learning environment scores a mean of 3.1397; school safety,3.4525; social atmosphere, 3.0782; and convenience 3.1285.

Parental wealth and children's outcomes over the life-course in Brazil: A propensity score matching analysis

School readiness is the readiness that children must have to enter elementary school. School readiness includes the abilities that children need to learn well in school so that school success can be achieved. This research is a phenomenological qualitative research which aims to obtain an overview of school readiness that children have when entering the first grade of elementary school. The informants of this study were the first grade elementary school teachers totaling five people. The results of the study show that school readiness must have to be prepared early is the child's internal readiness, family readiness and school institution readiness. The child's internal readiness consists of cognitive readiness and social emotional readiness. Although cognitive readiness has been possessed by majority children, but social emotional readiness has not been fully achieved, even though it seems less attention to its achievements. This condition should not be ignored, because the realization of optimal children's internal school readiness is a combination of cognitive readiness and emotional social readiness. In addition, family preparedness and readiness of school institutions must also be sought as a form of support for children, so that children's school readiness is expected to be fully achieved optimally.

This study explores how social capital is formed and utilized in transmigrant communities on Halmahera Island, Indonesia, and examines the role of management synergies in enhancing community resilience and sustainable development. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation. The findings reveal that bonding social capital within ethnic groups fosters trust and mutual support, though it can limit interaction with local communities. Bridging social capital, while less developed, is crucial for cross-group cooperation. Additionally, management synergies—through coordinated efforts among community leaders, local governments, and NGOs—enhance resource mobilization and the implementation of development projects. Leadership plays a key role in these synergies, facilitating collaboration and inclusive decision-making. The study highlights the mutually reinforcing interaction between social capital and management synergies, which contributes to the long-term sustainability of transmigrant communities.

IntroductionNatural and manmade disasters have been increasingly thrust into society's daily consciousness. With approximately one fifth of the United States population in a school setting on any given weekday, it...

The American educational system requires parents to manage their child's school career to maximize their child's school achievement. But parents differ in the specific strategies they select to help their children through school. These strategies are one way in which family background influences children's school achievement. We expand the extant model of how parents influence their children's school careers to encompass various pragmatic strategies devised for the crucial transition to high school. We analyze the responses of a small heterogeneous sample of mothers of eighth graders, who are beginning the transition from middle school to high school. The findings of this exploratory study indicate that parents actively manage their child's school career in ways that can have direct consequences for their child's educational achievement. The number and types of schooling strategies suggested by mothers do not vary among mothers, which indicates that there may be standard parental strategies. The implementation of strategies, however, does vary by the socioeconomic status of the mother, even when the child's academic performance is controlled. Mothers who have at least a college education know more about their child's school performance, have more contact with the teachers, and are more likely to take action to manage their child's academic achievement. We also find that mothers with a college education are more likely to choose college-preparatory courses for their child, regardless of their child's academic performance. We discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of the process by which parents' socioeconomic status influences the child's academic achievement and educational attainment.

There is a growing concern that governmental calls for parental involvement in children's school mathematics learning have not been underpinned by research. In this article the authors aim to offer a contribution to this debate. Links between children's home and school mathematical practices have been researched in sociocultural studies, but the origins of differences within the same cultural group are not well understood. The authors have explored the notion that parents' representations of school mathematics and associated practices at home may play a part in the development of these differences. This article reports an analysis of interviews with parents of 24 children of Pakistani and White origin enrolled in primary schools in England, including high and low achievers in school mathematics. The extent to which the parents represented their own school mathematics and their child's school mathematics as the ‘same’ or ‘different’ are examined. In addition, ways in which these representations influenced how they tried to support their children's learning of school mathematics are examined. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of the study for education policy.

Discussions about poverty are still evolving with the times. The transmigrant community is no exception. The transmigration program since it was promoted in the New Order era aims to reduce population density in an area, but this program still needs to be studied further on the socio-economic conditions of the transmigrant community. Pohuwato Regency has become an area in Gorontalo Province that has received many transmigrants since 1980. The purpose of this study is to further analyze the socio-economic conditions of the transmigrant community towards poverty in Pohuwato Regency by using logistical analysis. The estimation results using logistic regression conclude that the level of education has a negative and significant effect, meaning that the level of education is able to reduce the possibility of transmigrants becoming poor. Working status has a negative but not significant effect, however, working status based on the odds ratio value shows that people's chances of becoming poor are still smaller. The main job field of working in the agricultural sector shows that there is a positive and significant effect on people's chances of becoming poorer. Land ownership has a negative and significant effect on poverty levels, meaning that people have a smaller chance of becoming poor if they own land.

Parental, Community, and Familial Support Interventions to Improve Children's Literacy in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review

Few studies have investigated how intimate partner violence (IPV), and patterns of IPV experiences, may impact children's school attendance in low- and middle-income countries. Using baseline data from a sub-sample of 659 women in Mexico City enrolled in a randomized controlled trial who reported having a child under age 18 and in school, multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify women based on their reported IPV experiences. Multilevel risk regression analyses examined associations between latent class membership and IPV-related disruptions in children's schooling. Latent classes were identified in a prior study. Overall, 23.3% of women reported their child's school attendance was disrupted due to IPV. LCA identified four distinct classes of IPV experiences: Low Physical and Sexual Violence (39.1%); Low Physical and High Sexual Violence class (14.8%), High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries (36.5%); and High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries (9.6%). Compared with women in the Low Physical and Sexual Violence class, women in the High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries class and women in the High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries class were at greater risk of IPV disrupting children's school attendance (ARR 3.39, 95% CI 2.34, 4.92; ARR 2.22, 95% CI 1.54, 3.19, respectively). No other statistically significant associations emerged. High disruptions in children's school attendance due to IPV were reported and were differentially related to patterns of IPV experiences. Findings underscore the need to understand underlying mechanisms. Future work integrating both violence against women and violence against children is needed.

This study aims to examine the legal status of land rights that can be owned by transmigration communities and the legal protection that can be taken by the community if they feel disadvantaged. The research method used is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a case approach. The government is holding a transmigration program for population equality throughout Indonesia, therefore, a transmigration area was formed as a residential area and a place of business for the community to improve the community's standard of living. Over time, the need for land has increased because community growth is not comparable to the available land, so it often causes disputes. One example of a land dispute that occurs is transmigration land owned by the community that has changed ownership to company land, where the transmigration land owned by the company was obtained by winning an auction. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate legal system in resolving transmigration land disputes whose land is used as an auction object, as well as to find out about the legal protection received by transmigration communities. The results of the study are that the legal status of transmigration land that is used as an auction object should still belong to the transmigration community because transmigration land cannot be transferred, while legal protection for transmigration communities should mean that the land is not used as an auction object by the local government because it still belongs to the transmigration community.

tremendous increase in the number of orphans associated with a sharp rise in prime-age adult mortality due to AIDS has become a serious problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, more than 30 percent of school-aged children have lost at least one parent in Malawi. Lack of investments in human capital and adverse conditions during childhood are often associated with lower living standards in the future. Therefore, if orphans face an increased risk of poverty, exploitation, malnutrition, and poorer access to health care and schooling, early intervention is critical so as to avoid the potential poverty trap. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of orphanhood/parental death on children's mortality risks, migration behaviors, and schooling outcomes, by using household panel data from Malawi, which has the eighth-highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. A number of studies have analyzed the relationship between parental death and children's school enrollment, but very few have considered mortality and mobility of orphans. This study uses the Malawi Complementary Panel Survey (CPS) conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and another institution between January 2000 and July 2004. Since these panel data do not track individuals that move to other households, we take into account sample attritions of children. This study uses three estimation methodologies to explore different aspects of impacts. First, we analyze regression models with controls for various sets of household and child characteristics and for village fixed effects to examine heterogeneous impacts of orphanhood across different types of households. Second, we employ household fixed-effect models to test the differential effects of orphanhood on welfare outcomes among different types of orphans living in the same household. Third, we examine the impact of recent parental death—parental death between 2000 and 2004—on schooling outcomes. Empirical results show that maternal orphans, as well as double orphans, tend to face higher mortality risks and lower schooling outcomes than paternal and non-orphans do. This is especially so for boys. Similarly, maternal and double orphans tend to move to other households more frequently. Compared to adolescent orphans, the impact on younger orphans who enrolled in school after the introduction of universal free primary education in 1994 is more muted, suggesting that free primary education policies may have mitigated adverse shocks from parental death. More interestingly, the impacts of orphanhood on schooling outcomes are significantly gender-dependent: boys face severer negative impacts of being orphans than girls do. These empirical results are robust to sample attrition due to mortality and mobility. from Authors' Abstract

This research is among the first pieces of work to use the comprehensive school safety (CSS) framework to assess the impacts of floods on quality learning and education infrastructure. The CSS framework is employed here to identify the level of disruption to education services following floods in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2013. The paper poses three key questions, concerning: (i) disruption to children's access to quality education during the flood emergency in 2013 and the early recovery phase; (ii) the impact of the floods on a school's physical infrastructure; and (iii) the effectiveness and level of success of the 2013 flood responses by relevant stakeholders. Combining quantitative and qualitative strategies, the paper examines the experiences of 100 schools in Jakarta. The findings suggest that the CSS framework offers a more nuanced approach to assessing post-disaster education needs. Moreover, it is also relevant for examining the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and relative losses in the education sector.