Abstract
The ambient seismic ground noise has been investigated in several surveys worldwide in the last 10 years to verify the correlation between observed seismic energy anomalies at the surface and the presence of hydrocarbon reserves beneath. This is due to the premise that anomalies provide information about the geology and potential presence of hydrocarbon. However a technology gap manifested in nonoptimal detection of seismic signals of interest is observed. This is due to the fact that available sensors are not designed on the basis of passive seismic signal attributes and mainly in terms of amplitude and bandwidth. This is because of that fact that passive seismic acquisition requires greater instrumentation sensitivity, noise immunity, and bandwidth, with active seismic acquisition, where vibratory or impulsive sources were utilized to receive reflections through geophones. Therefore, in the case of passive seismic acquisition, it is necessary to select the best monitoring equipment for its success or failure. Hence, concerning sensors performance, this paper highlights the technological gap and motivates developing dedicated sensors for optimal solution at lower frequencies. Thus, the improved passive seismic recording helps in oil and gas industry to perform better fracture mapping and identify more appropriate stratigraphy at low frequencies.
Highlights
An increasing demand and supply of oil and gas require the industries to increase the survey for identifying reservoir field
Passive seismic wavefield, that is, microtremors, is utilized as reservoir indicator to determine the petrophysical properties of rock at low frequency range of less than 10 Hz [2, 3]
The overall study signifies that capacitive sensor is more suitable for meeting the passive seismic sensing requirements with respect to the formation (Table 14)
Summary
An increasing demand and supply of oil and gas require the industries to increase the survey for identifying reservoir field. They show substantial performance improvement in the acceleration range, bandwidth, and noise level, over the last decades This could make them viable choice of design for passive seismic. A closedloop feedback electronic circuit is required to compensate the nonlinear response of the mechanical system and to shorten the bandwidth of the device to 30 Hz. To minimize the noise effect from amplifier, the rate of capacitance change with acceleration needs to be maximized [19]. The technological gap between the measurement resolution of the state-of-the-art sensors and emerging devices is identified for passive seismic monitoring It shows design possibilities using capacitive sensing techniques and motivates further work in developing optimized sensor solutions. Piezoelectric accelerometers demonstrate the most astounding estimation range, shock limits, and operating temperature, capacitive accelerometers the least power utilization and volume, and piezoresistive accelerometers the vastest frequency response
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