Abstract
Surface tension has a strong influence on the shape of fluid interfaces. We propose a method to calculate the corresponding forces efficiently. In contrast to several previous approaches, we discriminate to this end between surface and non-surface SPH particles. Our method effectively smooths the fluid interface, minimizing its curvature. We make use of an approach inspired by Monte Carlo integration to estimate local normals as well as curvatures, based on which the force can be calculated. We compare different sampling schemes for the Monte Carlo approach, for which a Halton sequence performed best. Our overall technique is applicable, but not limited to 2D and 3D simulations, and can be coupled with any common SPH formulation. It outperforms prior approaches with regard to total computation time per time step in dynamic scenes. Additionally, it is adjustable for higher quality in small scale scenes with dominant surface tension effects.
Highlights
Surface tension is a phenomenon appearing at the interface of differing media, typically involving a liquid and a gas; such as, for instance, a water-air interface
In smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) [1], fluids are discretized into particles
We have found that it is possible to establish a direct relation between the mean curvature and the fraction of a sphere that is not covered by neighboring ones, via the process outlined above
Summary
Surface tension is a phenomenon appearing at the interface of differing media, typically involving a liquid and a gas; such as, for instance, a water-air interface. It results from cohesive forces attracting the molecules of the liquid towards each other. Surface tension is defined as the ratio between the surface force and the distance along which it acts These forces lead, for instance, to smoothing of fluid surfaces, wherefore they play a vital role in the visual appearance. Some state-of-the-art methods generalize such force calculations to all particles in the fluid, not taking into consideration whether they are located at the surface or not. Computational resources are being spent in the process, without having any effect on the fluid behavior
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