Accelerating Na2S/Na2S2 conversion kinetics by electrolyte additive with high Na2S/Na2S2 solubility for high-performance room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries

Abstract

The development of room-temperature sodium sulfur batteries is severely constrained by the sluggish solid-solid conversion kinetics of Na2S/Na2S2 and the accumulation of “dead Na2S/Na2S2”. Here, we accelerate the conversion kinetics of Na2S/Na2S2 as well as reduce the accumulation of “dead Na2S/Na2S2” by 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidine trifluoromethanesulfonate ([P14][OTf]) ionic liquid additive that is compatible with metallic Na and has high Na2S/Na2S2 solubility. The results of three-electrode kinetics tests show a significant enhancement of the apparent redox kinetics of Na2S/Na2S2 through increasing its concentration. During battery cycling, the increase in Na2S/Na2S2 concentration can induce the formation of three-dimensional Na2S deposition and reduce the coverage of the electrode effective electroactive area, thus decreasing the battery polarization, especially at high rates. In addition, high Na2S/Na2S2 solubility can promote the reuse of “dead Na2S/Na2S2” and greatly improve the utilization of active material. At 2C rate, 351 mAh g−1 can be maintained after 800 cycles, and the capacity decay per cycle is 0.046 %. The rate and cycle performance of the battery are greatly improved. Further, a mechanism is proposed for the enhancement of battery performance via overpotential and diffusion theories.