Abstract
Gardeniae fructus is a common neuroprotective medicinal food in China, however the extraction efficiency and mixture activities are rarely mentioned. In this study, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) parameters were optimized by a response surface methodology to extract antioxidants from Gardeniae fructus. Neuroprotective activity was evaluated using H2O2 and amyloid-β25–35 peptide-treated PC12 cells. By comparing with three other extract methods (i.e., heated refluxing extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), it was found that the yield (35.10%), total iridoids (27.69%), total flavonoid (6.12%) content, antioxidant activities (IC50 on DPPH, 164.46 µg/mL; FRAP value 4703.54 μmol/L), and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability (IC50 92.58 µg/mL) of ASE extract under the optimal condition (150 °C temperature, 10 min static time, 60% ethanol, 2 extract cycles) were significantly higher than other extract methods. The strongest ability to protect PC12 cells from damage was also present in ASE extract, as evidenced by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde levels, elevating superoxide dismutase and glutathioneperoxidase activities. Compositional analysis indicated that the extremely high crocetin level in ASE extract (1.30 μg/mg) may offer great potential. Our results indicated that ASE is a proper extraction method that could offer great potential for finding the neuroprotective ability of Gardeniae fructus for the treatment of AD.
Highlights
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an evergreen tree with fragrant white flowers and redbrown fruits in the Rubiaceae family, distributed in multiple areas in Asia
We focus on the optimization and comparison between accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques and other conventional extraction methods (i.e., heated refluxing extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) to maximize the antioxidant capacity of the extracts from Gardeniae fructus
The content decreased in the following order: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) > Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) > Heated refluxing extraction (HRE) > ASE, and a great loss of total crocins was observed in ASE extract, which may be due to the degradation of crocin by heating because of their unstable characteristics [36]
Summary
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an evergreen tree with fragrant white flowers and redbrown fruits in the Rubiaceae family, distributed in multiple areas in Asia. Among the research on the various pharmacological activities of Gardeniae fructus, nowadays, a lot of attention is especially paid to their neuroprotective effects, such as anti-dementia [6], anti-depression [7], anxiolytic [8], hypnotic [9], improving cognition [10], memory improvement [11], and other brain function disorders [12]. All of these findings sufficiently showed that Gardeniae fructus has a good potential for protecting the nervous system. In order to evaluate the neuroprotective activity and the possible mechanism of Gardeniae fructus extracts, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and protection effect on pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) from H2 O2 - and Aβ25–35 peptide-induced neuronal cell damage were investigated
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