Accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide (ARCON) for laryngeal cancer

Abstract

Background and purpose: Tumor hypoxia and tumor cell repopulation are known factors determining radiation response. Accelerated radiotherapy as a method to counteract cellular repopulation was combined with carbogen (95% O 2+5% CO 2) breathing and oral administration of nicotinamide as a means to improve tumor perfusion and oxygenation. The feasibility, toxicity and clinical effectiveness of this approach as a voice-preserving treatment for carcinoma of the larynx was assessed in a prospective study. Patients and methods: Sixty-two patients with stage III–IV laryngeal carcinoma were treated with a schedule of accelerated radiotherapy. The total radiation dose to the primary tumor was 64 Gy and that to the metastatic nodes was 68 Gy delivered in fractions of 2 Gy over 35–37 days. Radiotherapy was combined with carbogen breathing in the initial 11 patients and with both carbogen and nicotinamide administration in the subsequent 51 patients. Results: After a median follow-up of 24 months, the actuarial local control rate at 2 years was 92%. This is higher than any previous report in the literature for this category of patients. Five patients had a local tumor recurrence and underwent laryngectomy. There was one regional recurrence. Including salvage surgery the loco-regional control rate was 100%. Four patients developed distant metastases and died. The actuarial overall survival rate at 2 years was 85%. Toxicity was increased relative to conventional radiotherapy but was considered as acceptable. One patient underwent laryngectomy for radiation-induced cartilage necrosis. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that advanced laryngeal cancer can be controlled in a high proportion of patients when treated with accelerated radiotherapy combined with carbogen and nicotinamide. This approach offers excellent possibilities for larynx preservation.