Accelerated Expansion as Predicted by an Ether Theory of Gravitation

Abstract

Cosmology is investigated within a new, scalar theory of gravitation, which is a preferred-frame bimetric theory with flat background metric. Before coming to cosmology, the motivation for an ether theory is exposed at length; the investigated concept of ether is presented: it is a compressible fluid, and gravity is seen as Archimedes' thrust due to the pressure gradient in that fluid. The construction of the theory is explained and the current status of the experimental confrontation is analysed, both in some detail. An analytical cosmological solution is obtained for a general form of the energy-momentum tensor. According to that theory, expansion is necessarily accelerated, both by vacuum and even by matter. In one case, the theory predicts expansion, the density increasing without limit as time goes back to infinity. High density is thus obtained in the past, without a big-bang singularity. In the other case, the Universe follows a sequence of (non-identical) contraction-expansion cycles, each with finite maximum energy density; the current expansion phase will end by infinite dilution in some six billions of years. The density ratio of the present cycle (ratio of the maximum to current densities) is not determined by the current density and the current Hubble constant H0, unless a special assumption is made. Since cosmological redshifts approaching z = 4 are observed, the density ratio should be at least 100. From this and the estimate of H0, the time spent since the maximum density is constrained to be larger than several hundreds of billions of years. Yet if a high density ratio, compatible with the standard explanation for the light elements and the 2.7 K radiation, is assumed, then the age of the Universe is much larger still.