Abstract
Acaricidal activities and color alterations of 5-methylfurfural derived from Valeriana fauriei essential oil and its structural analogues against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Haemaphysalis longicornis and Tyrophagus putrescentiae were evaluated in the present study. Based on the LD50 values of 5-methylfurfural and its analogues, 4,5-dimethylfurfural showed the highest acaricidal activity (LD50; 9.95, 9.91, and 7.12 μg/cm2), followed by 5-methylfurfural (11.87, 11.00, and 8.59 μg/cm2), furfural (12.94, 13.25, and 10.36 μg/cm2), and V. fauriei essential oil (15.15, 13.64, and 10.14 μg/cm2) against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae, respectively. However, all tested compounds did not show the acaricidal activities against H. longicornis. Interestingly, the color alterations of the mites and ticks were observed by furfural, 5-methylfurfural, and 4,5-dimethylfurfural from colorless to red brown during the acaricidal experiments. Furthermore, 4,5-dimethylfurfural which exhibited the highest acaricidal activity was formulated as nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion of 4,5-dimethylfurfural showed higher acaricidal activity than it was emulsified in ethanol. The nanoemulsion was also found to show color changes of the mites and ticks from colorless to red brown. The results suggest that 5-methylfurfural and its analogues could be developed as an effective and easy-to-recognize acaricides to mites and ticks.
Highlights
Global warming has influenced human health in many ways by accelerating the spread of various infectious agents
The acaricidal effects of V. fauriei essential oils obtained by steam distillation extraction (SDE), Solvent extraction (SE), and Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, H. longicornis, and T. putrescentiae were compared with the positive control (Table 1)
Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of V. fauriei essential oils obtained by SDE, SE, and SFE The components of V. fauriei essential oil obtained by SDE, SE, and SFE were investigated by GC–MS (Table 2)
Summary
Global warming has influenced human health in many ways by accelerating the spread of various infectious agents. Choi et al Applied Biological Chemistry (2021) 64:94 to carry the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), including fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia [5, 6]. In these reasons, the arthropods have been the cause of decreasing the quality of human life and health. One of the conventional control methods against mites and ticks is use of synthetic acaricides, such as avermectin, benzyl benzoate, chloropyrifos-methyl, DEET, etc. The synthetic acaricides are effective for the control of mites and ticks, long-term and excessive uses of synthetic acaricides can lead to adverse effects, such as resistance to acaricides, poor sustainability of the chemicals, environmental contamination, and side effects in non-target organisms [7]. Development of more efficient and safer alternatives for the control of mites and ticks is needed
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