AC1

Abstract

Intense dual-polarization Doppler signatures in conjunction with strong vertical wind shear were observed by an X-band weather radar during a winter high precipitation event over the Swiss Alps. An enhancement of differential phase shift (Kdp > 1° km−1) around −15 °C suggested that a large population of oblate ice particles was present in the atmosphere. Here, we will show that ice-graupel collisions are a likely origin of this population. We perform sensitivity simulations that include ice-graupel collisions of a cold frontal passage to investigate whether these simulations can capture the event better and whether the vertical wind-shear had an impact on the secondary ice production (SIP) rate. The simulations are conducted with the Consortium for Small scale Modeling (COSMO), at a 1 km horizontal grid spacing in the Davos region in Switzerland. The rime-splintering simulations could not reproduce the high ice number concentrations, produced too large ice particles and therefore overestimated the radar reflectivity. The collisional-breakup simulations reproduced both the measured horizontal reflectivity and the ground-based observations of hydrometeor number concentration more accurately (∼ 20 L−1). During 14:30–15:45 UTC the vertical wind shear strengthened by 60 % within the region favorable for SIP. Calculation of the mutual information between the SIP rate and vertical wind shear and updraft velocity suggested that the SIP rate is best predicted by the vertical wind shear rather than the updraft velocity. The ice-graupel simulations were insensitive to the conversion rate size restriction from ice to graupel and snow to graupel.