Abstract
PurposeThere is a paucity of known correlates of common mental disorders (CMDs) among the youth age group in India. This analysis aims to determine risk factors associated with a probable diagnosis of CMD in a youth sample in India.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of data collected via a door-to-door (community) survey of 3,662 youth (aged 16–24 years) in selected urban and rural areas in Goa. The urban and rural areas were selected based on their engagement with a Goan-based mental health charity organisation, Sangath. Point prevalence of CMD was estimated using the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Multivariate logistic regression analyses determined factors associated with CMD and associations were stratified by gender.ResultsIn total, 3,649 (1,796 urban; 1,853 rural) youth were assessed for probable diagnosis of CMD. There was an almost equal ratio of males (49 %) to females (51 %) in the sample. During the time of the survey, 91 % of the sample was residing with parents, with 83 % being between the ages of 22 and 24 years living with parents. A small proportion of the sample never attended school (1.1 %) with the rest either educated, employed or unemployed. The point prevalence of probable CMD in the sample was 7.87 %; 95 % CI 7.01–8.80 %. Those living in urban areas had a higher prevalence of CMD (9.12 %; 95 % CI 7.90–10.52 %) compared to those living in rural areas (6.60 %; 95 % CI 5.50–7.82 %). After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, independent risk factors for CMD were being older, i.e., between 22- and 24-years old, (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.10–2.24; p = 0.015), residing in urban areas (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.12–2.04; p = 0.007), physical abuse (beaten in the last 3 months) by parents, teachers or others (OR 3.10; 95 % CI 2.11–4.51; p < 0.001), sexual harassment (OR 2.01; 95 % CI 1.30–3.20; p = 0.003) and sexual abuse (OR 2.54; 95 % CI 1.94–3.33; p < 0.001). Being able to talk about personal problems (OR 0.52; 95 % CI 0.34–0.80; p = 0.003) was a protective factor. After stratifying by gender, sexual harassment, physical and sexual abuse were associated with a likely CMD diagnosis in females and males.ConclusionsSexual and recent physical abuses were independent risk factors for CMD in both genders. In addition, being older and being able to discuss problems were associated with CMD diagnosis in females but not in males.
Highlights
In the 1970s, research showed increasing trends in rates of depression among young people [1]
Being older and being able to discuss problems were associated with common mental disorders (CMDs) diagnosis in females but not in males
Research focusing on CMD in young people is growing [8, 9] it is still very limited, in particular among the youth (i.e., 15–24) age group [10], in many lower and middle income countries (LAMICs) where communicable forms of diseases and reproductive health have traditionally been given priority [6, 9]
Summary
In the 1970s, research showed increasing trends in rates of depression among young people [1]. Common mental disorders (CMDs), defined usually by depression (including unipolar major depression), anxiety and somatoform disorders [2,3,4,5], continue to have an impact on the lives of young people. WHO global burden of disease report, Gore et al [6] reported that in young people (aged 10–24), the leading cause of years lost due to disability was attributed to unipolar depressive disorders (ranking first among all the contributors to disability (mental or physical) with accidents, violence and serious mental disorders following suite).
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