Abstract
Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) provides a means of measuring the energy levels of the occupied valence electrons for both the adsorbate and substrate over a wide range of energy. Since chemical bonding directly involves interactions of valence electrons, UPS is a useful tool to study chemisorption. Other techniques, for example, field emission,1 ion neutralization spectroscopy,2 and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy3,4 (not discussed here) also provide information about occupied valence states. He (21.2 and 40.8 eV) and Ne (16.8 and 28.6 eV) resonance lamps are convenient and the most commonly used radiation sources in UPS chemisorption studies; whereas monochromatized synchrotron radiation is the most desirable source in that it provides stable, continuously tunable, linearly polarized radiation from the visible region up into the x‐ray region. In UPS studies, both the orbital ionization energies and line shapes contained in photoemission spectra, as well as their angular and frequency depen...
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