Abstract
Aim: Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are associated with key cardiometabolic diseases of aging and are potential targets for prevention, but their population-level correlates remain uncertain. We sought to identify modifiable factors associated with higher fasting and post-load NEFA levels in older adults. Methods: We used linear multivariable regression models to determine the cross-sectional associations of demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle characteristics, and medication use with serum fasting and post-load NEFA concentrations amongst community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study (n = 1,924). Results: In general, fasting NEFA levels demonstrated a broader set of determinants, while post-load NEFA were more consistently associated with metabolic factors. Waist circumference and weight were associated with higher fasting and post-load NEFA. Cigarette smoking and caffeine intake were associated with lower levels of both species, and moderate alcohol intake was associated with higher fasting levels whereas greater consumption was associated with lower post-load levels. Unique factors associated with higher fasting NEFA included female sex, higher age, loop and thiazide diuretic use and calcium intake, while factors associated with lower fasting levels included higher educational attainment, beta-blocker use, and protein intake. Hours spent sleeping during the daytime were associated with higher post-load NEFA, while DASH score were associated with lower levels. Conclusion: Fasting and post-load NEFA appear to have both common and unique modifiable risk factors, including sociodemographics, anthropometric, medications, and diet. Post-load NEFA were particularly sensitive to metabolic factors, while a broader range of determinants were associated with fasting levels. These factors warrant further study as targets for lowering levels of NEFA in older adults..
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