Abstract

In the United States, 10 million people are affected by internal hemorrhoids each year, causing symptoms of painless bleeding, pruritis, mucous discharge, and fecal leakage. These were treated primarily by surgical resection until Morinaga et al. introduced the Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation (DG-HAL) in 1995. This procedure utilizes a proctoscope with a Doppler flowmeter to simplify hemorrhoidal artery suture ligation, reduce post-operative pain, and eliminate the need for general anesthesia.

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