Abstract
Vascular malformations represent rare developmental errors during vasculogenesis with widely varying presentations. Non-invasive modalities such as duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to a lesser extent computed tomography angiograph (CTA) are the mainstays of pre-procedure imaging. Different classification systems developed for venous malformation have been used to help guide management of arteriovenous malformations. Direct stick phlebography is a modality used for both diagnostic and treatment purposes in the management of low-flow arteriovenous malformations.
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