Abstract 5837: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is critical for enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer growth

Abstract

Abstract Therapy resistance is a ubiquitous and major challenge for curing cancer including prostate cancer. As the most prevalent non-skin cancer for men, prostate cancer is responsible for more than 30,000 deaths annually in the U.S. Despite a favorable prognosis at early stages, prostate cancer progressively develop into an incurable castration-resistant stage (CRPC) where prostate cancer grows in a low-androgen environment. Enzalutamide (ENZ) is the first drug approved by FDA for treating CRPC by inhibiting the residual androgen signaling. While ENZ significantly improves overall survival and quality of life, resistance inevitably develops and greatly limits its benefit. To understand ENZ resistance and identify novel therapeutic targets with the hope of overcoming resistance, we performed RNA-seq to analyze mRNA expression profiles from three ENZ-resistant human CRPC cell lines (C4-2BENZR, CWR-R1ENZR and VCaPENZR) and identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) among the 114 commonly upregulated genes. AHR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that has been shown to drive disease progression in multiple types of cancer. Stable shRNA-mediated knockdown of AHR substantially decreased growth of ENZ-resistant CRPC cells. Our pilot study also showed that AHR knockdown resulted in fewer and smaller CWR-R1ENZR tumors in a xenograft mouse model. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of AHR-mediated cancer growth, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed a declining trend of enrichment of the 114 commonly ENZ-upregulated genes among differentially altered genes upon AHR knockdown in ENZ-resistant cells, suggesting that AHR may act as a master regulator of ENZ resistance. Moreover, we found that the Hallmark androgen response gene set is downregulated in AHR-silenced ENZ-resistant cells, implying a role of AHR in sustaining androgen response for ENZ-resistance. Consistently, we performed AHR ChIP-seq and confirmed that AHR bound to promoter regions of several androgen-regulated genes in CWR-R1ENZR cells. In addition, three peroxisome-related Hallmark gene sets are also negatively enriched in AHR-knockdown cells, which provides a rationale for further exploring a potential AHR-dependent connection of peroxisomal function to ferroptosis as a newly emerging mechanism of action for ENZ. In summary, our study suggests that AHR plays a critical role in maintaining ENZ-resistant CRPC growth with the likely involvement of modulating androgen signaling and ferroptosis susceptibility. Citation Format: Chia-Hui Chen, Boyang Jason Wu. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is critical for enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5837.