Abstract
Background : The E2F family of transcription factors, with eight members identified, are involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival; however, the specific roles of individual members in the cardiovascular system have not been carefully characterized. Here, we investigated the potential role of E2F1 in cardiac neovascularization. Methods and Results : Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in WT and E2F1 -/- mice. Compared to observations in WT mice, cardiac function, capillary density, and endothelial-cell (EC) proliferation were greater (P<0.01), infarct sizes were smaller (P<0.01), apoptotic ECs were less common (P<0.01); border-zone levels of vascular endothelial-cell growth factor (VEGF) (P<0.05) and placental growth factor (PlGF) (P<0.01) were higher; and border-zone p53 levels were lower (P<0.01); in E2F1 -/- mice. Blockade of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling with the selective inhibitor SU5416 or with the VEGFR2-blocking antibody DC101 abolished the differences between E2F1 -/- mice and WT mice in cardiac function, infarct size, capillary density, EC proliferation, and EC apoptosis. Hypoxia-induced VEGF and PlGF upregulation was significantly greater in E2F1 -/- than in WT cardiac fibroblasts, and E2F1 overexpression suppressed PlGF upregulation in both WT and p53 -/- cells; however, VEGF upregulation was suppressed only in WT cells. E2F1 interacted with and stabilized p53 under hypoxic conditions, and both E2F1:p53 binding and the E2F1-induced suppression of VEGF promoter activity were absent in cells that expressed an N-terminally truncated E2F1 mutant. Conclusions : E2F1 limits cardiac neovascularization and functional recovery after MI by suppressing VEGF and PlGF upregulation through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively.
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