Abstract
Abstract Quadrature lock-in photopyroelectric spectroscopic (PPES) (Q-scanning) imaging of Czochralski-grown Ti: Sapphire crystals was investigated at 490 nm using a novel non-contact experimental configuration. Simultaneous optical absorption coefficient, β( r ), scans were obtained from the PPES signal in the purely optical transmission (in-phase) lock-in mode. The quadrature scans were further converted to absolute non-radiative energy conversion efficiency, η nr ( r ), images using the in-phase-generated β( r ) data and PPES theory. The quadrature and η nr ( r ) images exhibited superior resolution and sensitivity to growth defect (bubble) clusters than the β( r ) images. Therefore, Q- and η nr - scanning imaging can be used as an effective monitoring criterion of crystal growth and processing quality control in Ti: Sapphire and, generally, in optical materials.
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