Absence of mycoplasmal gene in malignant mammalian cells transformed by chronic persistent infection of mycoplasmas.

Abstract

Chronic persistent infections by mycoplasmas induced malignant transformation of C3H mouse embryo cells that normally had never been reported to undergo spontaneous transformation. This mycoplasma-mediated oncogenic process had a long latency (more than 7 weeks of continuous mycoplasmal infection) and showed a multistage progression characterized by reversibility (at least up to 11 weeks of mycoplasmal infection) and irreversibility of malignant properties upon removal of the mycoplasma from culture. Further prolonged infections (18 weeks) by Mycoplasma fermentans or M. penetrans resulted in permanent transformation of these C3H cells that no longer required the continued presence of the transformation-inducing mycoplasmas in cultures to retain their malignant properties. Previous studies of viral oncogenesis revealed that virus-transformed cells always had viral gene(s) present. Integration of viral gene(s) apparently played an important role in the process of oncogenesis. In this study, we examined if the continued presence of any mycoplasmal gene(s) in mammalian cells, in whatever form, was also crucial in causing malignant cell transformation. Representational difference analysis (RDA) was a recently developed powerful technique to compare differences between two complex genomes. In the RDA system, subtractive and kinetic enrichment was used to purify and isolate restriction endonuclease gene fragment(s) of mycoplasmal origin, presumably present only in mycoplasma-transformed C3H cells, but not in nonmycoplasma-exposed control C3H cells. After three rounds of subtractive hybridization following PCR enrichment for each of three different restriction enzymes DNA digests, no gene fragment of mycoplasmal origin was amplified or identified in the permanently transformed C3H cells. Differing from tumorigenesis in animal cells induced by most oncogenic viruses or in plant cells induced by Agrobacteria, mycoplasmas evidently did not cause malignant transformation by integrating their gene(s) into the mammalian cell genome.