Absence of GH-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Mutations in Selected Patients with Isolated GH Deficiency

Abstract

Although numerous reports of mutations in GH1 and GHRHR (GHRH receptor) causing isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) have been published, mutations in GHRH itself have not been hitherto reported but are obvious candidates for GH deficiency. The aim of this study was to identify mutations in GHRH in a large cohort of patients with IGHD. DNA was isolated from 151 patients diagnosed with IGHD at national and international centers. Seventy-two patients fulfilled all the following criteria: severe short stature (height sd score ≤ -2.5), low peak GH after stimulation (peak ≤ 5 ng/ml), eutopic posterior pituitary lobe, and absence of mutations in GH1 and GHRHR and therefore were strong candidates for GHRH mutations. The coding sequence and splice sites of GHRH were amplified by PCR with intronic primers and sequenced. In five of 151 patients (four of 42 from Brazil), the GHRH c.223 C>T, p.L75F change was identified in heterozygosity. This variant has been previously reported as a polymorphism and is more frequent in African than European and Asian populations. Six allelic variants (five novel) that do not predict change of amino acids or splice sites were identified in five patients: c.147 C>T, p.S49S, IVS1 -70 G>A, IVS1 -74 T>C, IVS3 -47 del1, and IVS3 +7 G>A /IVS3+41 G>A. No functional mutations were found in this cohort. GHRH mutations were not identified in a selected cohort of patients with IGHD, suggesting that, if they exist, they may be an extremely rare cause of IGHD. Other, as-yet-unidentified genetic factors may be implicated in the genetic etiology of IGHD in our cohort.