Abrupt climate changes triggered with GLAC-1D ice sheet, but not with ICE-6G_C, in simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum/Deglaciation

Abstract

In the course of glacial terminations, the increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, summer insolation and the ice sheet demise can trigger episodes of millennial-scale variability. Such variability was observed during the last deglaciation, between 19 ka BP (thousand years ago) and 8 ka BP, in the form of  the abrupt North Atlantic temperature shifts of the Bølling–Allerød Warming (14.5 ka BP) and Younger Dryas (12.900 ka BP). In some climate models, abrupt climate changes are generated by modifications to the boundary conditions and freshwater discharge. Despite much study, the sensitivity of climate simulations to ice sheet geometry and meltwater is complex and not fully understood, which is a caveat when considering the impact of the rapid demise of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last deglaciation. In a new set of last glacial maximum HadCM3 simulations that can produce millennial-scale variability, we studied the influence of two ice sheet reconstructions, ICE-6G_C and GLAC-1D, and their associated deglacial meltwater history, on the simulated chain of events of the last deglaciation. In this experiment, our simulations using the GLAC-1D ice sheet reconstruction produced abrupt climate changes. Triggered by freshwater released close to the Nordic Seas and Iceland Basin deep water formation sites, these simulations display abrupt shifts in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) that are decoupled from the meltwater flux. In contrast, the reconstructed ICE-6_G ice sheet modifies the North Atlantic wind patterns in the model, preventing convection in the Nordic Seas and intensifying the Iceland Basin deep water formation. As a result, no abrupt climate changes are simulated with ICE-6G_C ice sheets and the AMOC decreases almost linearly with the introduction of freshwater. The simulations do not capture the timing of the last deglaciation chain of events, but the modelled abrupt changes replicate the main Northern Hemisphere characteristics of the Bølling Warming/Younger Dryas transitions, and are very similar to Dansgaard-Oeschger events.