Abrupt and persistent shutdown of the thermohaline forcing during MIS5e in the Adriatic Sea: Insights from shallow-water sapropel sediments

Abstract

During the Quaternary, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) experienced cyclical events of stagnation driven by natural climate variability. The resulting deoxygenation left well-preserved evidence in the sedimentary record as organic carbon-rich deposits referred to as sapropels. Although drastic modifications in the degree of dense-water formation over the EMS shelves exerted first-order control on the deoxygenation, most of the focus has been traditionally placed on the deep EMS. To provide a shallow-water perspective, here we investigated the sapropel S5 in the Adriatic shelf (borehole PRAD1-2) deposited during MIS5e (129-116 ka). This archive is strategically located in a region where the Northern Adriatic Dense Water (NAdDW) interacts with the seabed before cascading across the continental slope. We used Zr/Rb and MgO/Al2O3 to assess bottom current energy and north-to-south sediment transport dynamics, both regulated by the changes in NAdDW production intensity. In addition, we used stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) of foraminifera, redox sensitive elements (U, Mo and Sb), foraminifera assemblages as well as alkenones to reconstruct the paleo-environmental conditions during the S5 formation.Our study provides an unprecedented reconstruction of the physical forcing controlling the deoxygenation during the S5 formation. Results reveal that the shutdown of the NAdDW occurred in a few centuries (0.67 ± 0.22 kyrs), when freshening of surface waters combined with warming of winter temperatures mutually hampered the dense water formation. A few centuries after the NAdDW shutdown, the Adriatic shelf experienced euxinic waters for about 2 kyrs followed by a progressive reoxygenation that lasted 4 kyrs. We explain this second phase as a general recovery driven by increased surface salinity over the EMS combined with winter cooling. This favoured surface water mixing without, however, producing dense water in the Northern Adriatic and thus collectively the interruption of the dense water production lasted for 6 kyrs since the onset of MIS5e. Overall, our finding highlights that the thermohaline forcing responded to climate change much quicker than inferred by earlier studies that suggested instead a millennial-scale prelude necessary to develop stagnation. In addition, our results provide solid evidence about the large-scale impact of the deoxygenation during S5 that is capable of invading the continental shelf. Comparison with the latest regional models illustrates how none of the future simulations covering different climate change scenarios reproduces an event over the EMS margins comparable with what described in this study.