Abreviaturas de Grados Académicos: Grados Técnicos, Grados Profesionales, Especialidades Médicas, Maestrías-Magister, Doctorados. Una Guía Práctica.

The sanctions imposed on national R&D projects are strong administrative measures that can cause researchers to break their research career.
 Nevertheless, the national R&D sanctions have not been analyzed in depth.
 Since national R&D sanctions are administrative measures that limit researchers to perform national R&D for a certain period of time, it is important to consider the process of existing institutional changes and the effects of these gradual or radical institutional changes. Therefore, in this study, changes in national R&D sanctions were analyzed from the perspective of new institutionalism, focusing on the 『Framework Act on Science and Technology』, the『Presidential Decree on National R&D Management』, the『National R&D Innovation Act』and subordinate ordinances that are common, applied, and standard in national R&D projects. Gradual institutional changes mainly occur to clarify the ambiguity of the existing institutions, and mainly occur in institutional elements related to procedures and methods. On the other hand, radical institutional changes were the result of external variables such as changes in the external environment, and mainly occurred in institutional factors related to reasons and subjects.
 Radical institutional changes have the possibility of generating institutional contradictions in the process. In the radical change of the sanctions institution that may infringe on researchers' rights, it is necessary to carefully examine whether there is no internal contradiction in the institution, whether there is room for violation of the principle of proportionality in the process of pursuing equity. As the newly established sanctions institution is changed according to the『National R&D Innovation Act』, the history and context of past institutional changes should be considered.

Calling Baumol: What telephones can tell us about the allocation of entrepreneurial talent in the face of radical institutional changes

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been criticized for having a limited impact on policy decisions and actions. To enhance the IPCC’s impact, it has been argued that the organization needs to adopt a more inclusive assessment process. However, what that means in terms of institutional changes is contested. Two main strands are discernible in the literature: studies advocating for moderate versus radical changes. In light of these two possible pathways, this study analyzes how the new role of Chapter Scientist shapes the conditions for socialization and what implications this may have for the future direction of the IPCC’s deliberative capacity. By identifying the norms and logic that guide inclusion in the role of Chapter Scientists, the study sheds light on which path the organization is moving. The study shows how the IPCC sustains a moderate path of inclusion and deliberation, as well as illustrates how the introduction of the role of Chapter Scientists could open up the organization to more radical institutional changes, which some view as essential.

Governance to support sustainable development always seems to encounter the same difficulties. The chances of successful governance increase when governance arrangements are better tuned to the environment that it tries to change. However, a better fit leaves less room for change. Governance arrangements supporting sustainable development are more prone to failure, as they aim at changing that environment. Radical institutional change is at the core of sustainable development, but without the help of external factors, such as major crises like the oil crisis in the 1970s, the sense of urgency for such radical change is lacking, and incremental change seems to be the only road available. The authors explore how governance arrangements deal with this recurring barrier to institutional change. Their conclusion is that the more governance arrangements respect the institutional context in which they are used, the higher their quality. To speed up the incremental track, the design of governance arrangements should include positive incentives for actors to cooperate.

The market orientation of the Ukrainian economy requires radical institutional changes in order to assert the decentralization of power, balancing relations in its structure between the subjects of the central, regional and local levels. One of the areas of such radical changes is the formation of special and new subjects of local self-government bodies – united territorial communities capable of autonomous and efficient functioning within the state structure. Under such conditions, in the formed united territorial communities there is a completely new legal relationship, often not regulated by existing legal acts. Among such relations at the level of the united territorial communities the largest share is occupied by relations in the area of providing them with administrative services. In a process of decentralization, empowered communities have wider powers, resources and responsibilities. The list of services that can be provided locally is constantly expanding. This paper examines the existing scientific approaches to the definition and features of administrative services, investigates the historical and legal aspects of administrative reform in Ukraine and reforms of local self-government bodies. The author classification criteria and features for administrative services provided by the United Territorial Communities. The activities of united territorial communities to provide administrative services to individuals and legal entities are important in the process of ensuring the reform of the public administration system. The process of consolidation in the national legislation of the norms governing the institute of administrative services is complex and still holds. Taking into account the above, the study of the historical and legal aspects of administrative reform, local self-government reform, the task of identifying the features and classification of administrative services provided in the united territorial communities will further help to establish a clear legal mechanism for the legal regulation of these legal relationships, as well as will ensure the development of the institution of administrative services. Further research needs the principles that guide the authorized persons of the combined territorial communities in the provision of administrative services.

What Brings International Students to Norway?

The rise of self-responsibility as practiced in many public policy areas was part of the more general rise of neoliberalism. A case in point is the corporate social responsibility movement. This led in the world of finance to the 2008 financial crisis thanks to various deregulatory moves beginning in the early 1980s. As such, the crisis was the product of a series of incremental institutional changes that enabled corporate self-responsibility in finance to go terribly wrong. Once the crisis hit, a number of more radical institutional changes were pursued in order to reverse the movement toward self-responsibility. This was an institutional rebalancing. This article offers some ideas about how to think about institutional change in the context of this particular corporate self-responsibility movement. It focuses first on the institutional changes that caused the crisis and then on the institutional changes that followed in an effort to minimize the severity of the crisis and reduce the possibility that another one might happen again. The basic argument is that self-responsibility is not a phenomenon that can be reduced to individual action; it cannot work properly without that action being embedded in an appropriate institutional environment. This is an argument at odds with neoliberal theory.

European universities are being shaken by two revolutions. One is a radical change in the way research is funded, the other is the increased emphasis on the teaching role of the universities. This interview study examines what effects these radical institutional changes have had on academic freedom. Based on a small number of in‐depth interviews with Swedish researchers in various disciplines, different posts, active either at an ancient or a new university, the study explores the concept and content of academic freedom, the current prospects for its survival and the effect of changes in funding on the content of research and research process as such. The results suggest that the institutional changes, not least in the way the funding system is organised, are having a determinate impact on the behaviour of academics, while academic freedom as a norm still thrives in the research community as a whole.

Introduction. Education is an indicator of the country's intellectual potential. Higher education is a strategic resource through which the state is competitive in the global labour market.complete higher education attests to the professional and cultural level of a considerable number of the population, especially young people, and is not only an indicator of economic growth but also of social stability. The purpose of investigation was determined by the analysis of current state of higher education institutions and the main influencing factors for them. The coefficient of interest of graduates in receiving higher education in Ukraine is determined on the basis of regression analysis. Arima models were constructed using time series theory for prediction of the number of higher education institutions for future periods. Purpose. The purpose of the study is the construction the predictive models of the dynamics of the number of future students and the number of higher education institutions in Ukraine. Methodology. Regression analysis is used as one of the main methods of scientific research in the process of writing the article; time series theory, in particular Arima modeling of the Statistica application package; methods of mathematical modeling, in particular approximating polynomials in the process of modeling the dynamics of the institutions of higher education and the number of students, to determine the ‘coefficient of interest’. Results. The study found that the number of institutions of higher education depends on the one hand on the time factor, on the other – on the number of students. Given that the number of students and the amount higher education institutions can be characterized as a dynamic process, the theory of time series, in particular Arima modelling, was applied. Using Arima models, the number of students and the number of higher education institutions for the next two years is predicted. The relative errors for these models are 6% and 0. 4%, respectively. Based on statistics on the number of graduates of all secondary education institutions and the number of students admitted to higher education institutions of Ukraine, a ‘coefficient of interest’ in higher education was derived, which allows predicting the number of future entrants. The Arima model predicts the number of Ukrainian students in foreign educational institutions. The obtained forecast values regarding the number of students, the amount of higher education institutions of Ukraine, by various methods, adequately reflect the real situation today.

In the process of transition to a market economy, Russia has made radical institutional changes, overemphasizing speed and freedom, leading to an economic recession, monopoly prevailing, and institutional changes out of the control of the government; China is carrying out gradual changes in experiments. Beginning with rural land reform with the least cost of trial and error, it was carried out in stages and steps to achieve stable economic growth. Market demand drives institutional changes. The government has always grasped the direction and path of institutional changes. But, Russia's market-oriented reforms made property rights clear and have shown a certain growth advantage as a late-comer; China's gradual changes also ace the dilemma of how to resolve deep-seated contradictions and transcend deep-water areas. A single model of institutional change cannot achieve the fundamental goal of economic transformation. China and Russia need to study each other's reforms and transformation processes and learn from each other's successful experiences to promote their development.

Problem statement. The Bologna Process has initiated the formation of a single European Higher Education Area. Today's students, through academic mobility programmes, have a unique opportunity to obtain academic experience and professional competences developed during their studies at higher education institutions in other countries. In particular, master students from Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture (PSACEA) under agreement with National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne (France), had the opportunity to access the educational process at French Higher Technical Education Institution and conduct a comparative analysis of the educational process within the study of the discipline “Methods of teaching in higher education institution”. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of higher education systems in Ukraine and France on the basis of data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and Statistical Guidelines and reference materials of France and characterize the professional development methods of French teachers (on the example of the National Engineering School of Saint-Etienne). Conclusions. In today's globalised world, quality higher education has become a significant means of ensuring a high level of professional qualifications in all spheres of human activity. The increasing demand for higher education, as well as the increasing students number, add pressure to higher education and blur the boundaries between the economic and political sectors. Student exchanges and double degree programs provide opportunities for innovative student learning, as well as increasing the education effectiveness, which in turn leads to increased demand for this sector of public life. Despite the high cost of higher education, French universities are very popular among foreign students, including Ukrainian, as they contribute to the formation of relevant professional competencies for young people, providing greater opportunities in the further employment process. Although the number of foreign students in Ukraine is lower (compared to France), domestic our higher education institutions are also beginning to be in high demand among foreign applicants, thus strengthening not only the field of education but also international economic relations. For the Ukrainian system of teachers’ professional development, it is appropriate to study and partially implement the experience of French higher technical school. In particular, the variety of proposed methods and forms of professional development deserves attention, as it indicates the efforts of educational managers in France to create a pedagogical environment psychologically comfortable and as professionally appropriate.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the availability of scientific and pedagogical staff at higher education institutions (HEIs) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (MESU) in the context of the armed aggression of the russian federation. The purpose of the article is to study the provision of scientific and pedagogical staff in HEIs, which is the most critical component of the education system, as the competitiveness of specialists in the labour market depends on it. The analysis is based on the financial and economic reports of HEIs, which are submitted quarterly to the State Scientific Institution "Institute of Educational Analytics". To achieve this task, the following methods were used: statistical and comparative analysis, systematisation and generalisation of data, graphics, etc. The key indicators analysed for the groups of HEIs included: the number of HEIs, the number of students, the average annual adjusted number of students, the number of positions for scientific and pedagogical staff, the total number of postgraduate and doctoral students, the number of postgraduate and doctoral students who defended their dissertations. The results of the analysis show that, despite the decline in the number of HEIs and the number of full-time equivalent scientific-pedagogical (pedagogical) staff, the adjusted annual average number of students is increasing. There is also a slow increase in the number of postgraduate and doctoral students studying with state funding. However, this growth is rather slow. Such dynamics indicate a lack of motivation among scientific and pedagogical staff to improve their qualifications. The number of doctoral students who have defended their dissertations has fallen significantly and is now a quarter of the pre-war level. This is due to serious obstacles, such as difficulties in accessing resources, changes in the organisation of the educational process and general problems caused by the war.

The aim of this paper is to test a key aspect of Baumol's theory that the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts toward its productive (e.g., start-up activity) or unproductive (e.g., rent-seeking) use depends on institutional conditions. In contrast to previous research, we study a context where a radical and exogenous institutional change took place that dramatically changed the rewards and opportunities of running a firm. We analyze at the individual level who decides to start a venture in East Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall. We find that a significant number of people that demonstrated a strong commitment to the anti-entrepreneurial socialist regime were active in launching new ventures soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This pattern cannot be explained by having elite status during the socialist regime. We argue that this commitment to socialism reflects rent-seeking, a type of unproductive entrepreneurship. Once institutions change radically, their entrepreneurial efforts are redirected towards productive entrepreneurship (start-up activity). Regime commitment is captured by information from the 1990 wave of the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP) that includes information on whether East German respondents had a telephone during the socialist era, a typical reward for pronounced efforts for the socialist regime. We find that this group of people were more likely to have an entrepreneurship- prone personality profile, had a higher propensity of becoming selfemployed, and were more successful entrepreneurs. Our results confirm Baumol's theory in a setting that resembles the historical examples Baumol used to make his general argument.

This paper focuses on the question of the extent to which the institutional founding environment affects organizational success after a radical institutional change. We analyse firms founded in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) that experienced the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990 and focus on how the institutional environment of their founding period influences their failure rates. Results show that organizational failure rates vary after institutional change due to differences in institutional founding conditions. This variation is influenced by the degree of (dis)similarity between the imprinted past and the present institutional context. Discussing the time-varying effect of institutional founding conditions, we contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of imprinting and organizational failure in situations of institutional change.

In this article, I argue against institutional conservatism, and the reluctance to include radical changes to important institutions within normative principles for fear of losing practical significance. In making this argument, I will focus on the debate on global justice, in which the issue is especially clear due to the greater potential effects of radical institutional changes. My main target, then, is theorists who are institutionally conservative regarding the institutional system of nation states. Although, these theorists are institutionally conservative for (somewhat) different reasons, they all face significant and potentially debilitating problems in guiding action towards the fulfillment of their own moral commitments. Here, I focus on institutionally conservative arguments for (only) a low level of global redistribution. The problem arises because the continued existence of the current system of nation states and the lack of international institutions with significant coercive powers present a significant obstacle to realizing their principled commitment to alleviating the basic needs of foreigners. As I will phrase it here, institutionally conservative theorists end up in a dilemma, the escape from which involves significantly weakening either their institutional conservatism or their normative commitments.