Abstract
This paper proposes a validation-comparison method for burned area (BA) products. The technique considers: (1) bootstrapping of scenes for validation-comparison and (2) permutation tests for validation. The research focuses on the tropical regions of Northern Hemisphere South America and Northern Hemisphere Africa and studies the accuracy of the BA products: MCD45, MCD64C5.1, MCD64C6, Fire CCI C4.1, and Fire CCI C5.0. The first and second parts consider methods based on random matrix theory for zone differentiation and multiple ancillary variables such as BA, the number of burned fragments, ecosystem type, land cover, and burned biomass. The first method studies the zone effect using bootstrapping of Riemannian, full Procrustes, and partial Procrustes distances. The second method explores the validation by using distance permutation tests under uncertainty. The results refer to Fire CCI 5.0 with the best BA description, followed by MCD64C6, MCD64C5.1, MCD45, and Fire CCI 4.1. It was also found that biomass, total BA, and the number of fragments affect the BA product accuracy.
Highlights
Burning of biomass is one of the main sources of aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere [1]
In Supplementary Material (SM) Section S1.3, we propose a method for processing the reference data with a hybrid method combining the BAMS model, based on LANDSAT 5 (TM) and 7 (ETM+) [50], with cloud masking, cloud shadows and water masks based on temporal stability proposed by Valencia et al [40]
This work proposed two methods for validation-comparison of burned area (BA) products: (1) a Riemannian, full and partial Procrustes distance distribution bootstrapping was used for the comparison of BA products and their validation with reference data, and (2) a second technique for the validation of BA products was studied under Riemannian, full, and partial Procrustes distance permutation tests
Summary
Burning of biomass is one of the main sources of aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere [1]. In geographical areas like the tropics, the identification of burning on this spectral zone is complex due to extensive cloud cover [5] and the size of the fires [6], probably due to the moisture content in the forests [7], and in the case of the savannas, the rapid movement (and short-lived) of fire and relatively low fuel levels [8], which limit the detection of fires. These elements have an impact on emissions estimates and on reports of burned area (BA). Chuvieco et al [9] reported a greater amount of area burned in the world compared to those of Giglio et al [3] and estimated that between 324 and 416 million hectares are burned annually around the world
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