Abstract
Using electron microprobe analysis, 17 kidney stones containing apatite were studied. According to the results of the research, it was found that the apatite of all the oxalate kidney stones contained fluorine, while in the apatite of the phosphate kidney stones, fluorine was present in trace amounts or absent. Direct correlation between the amount of oxalate mineral phases and the fluorine content was observed. Ionic substitutions in the apatite of kidney stones have a multidirectional effect on the unit cell parameters. The fluorine content increases with the increase of a unit cell parameter, which is probably associated with a simultaneous increase in the amount of H2O in the structure of apatite. The results of thermodynamic modeling show that fluorapatite is stable at lower pH values than hydroxylapatite, and therefore can be a precursor of calcium oxalates crystallization.
Highlights
Urolithiasis disease has been known since ancient times [1], and it is widespread nowadays.The lifetime risk of kidney stone formation is about 10%–15% in the developed countries, but can be as high as 25% [2]
According to the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis of the kidney stones from our collection, which consist of about 2000 samples removed from residents of the St
Most stones have a nucleus of apatite, which suggests that apatite is the first mineral phase that crystallizes in human urea [6,7]
Summary
The lifetime risk of kidney stone formation is about 10%–15% in the developed countries, but can be as high as 25% [2]. Despite the fact that the most common phases of kidney stones are calcium oxalates [2,3], calcium and magnesium phosphates are quite common phases and play an important role in stones’ formation. Apatite is one of main mineral components of human tissues and occurs (often in trace amounts) in almost all urinary stones as well [4]. Most of oxalate stones contained apatite as well, and apatite is the main component of phosphate stones (64.7%). Most stones have a nucleus of apatite, which suggests that apatite is the first mineral phase that crystallizes in human urea [6,7]. In 1937, Randall [8]
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