Abstract
Abstract. Any territory can easily be considered as an open system in which external effects can greatly influence its evolution in addition to inner dynamics. However, in practically all local authorities, their so-called geographic information or knowledge systems are bounded by the jurisdiction’s limit, and therefore are closed systems. In this paper, we advocate the necessity not only to consider but also to include external influences within any GIS or GKS. Therefore, among external influences, we will consider beyond intra muros knowledge, extra muros knowledge divided in two categories, nearby neighboring knowledge, for instance located in an outer crown around the jurisdiction territory, but also farther knowledge for instance from technology watch. After having analyzed the semantics of borderlines, we suggest some element for the design of the crown and we analyze how the various components of a geographic knowledge base (objects, relations, ontologies, gazetteers, rules, etc.) can be integrated. Then some aspects regarding updating external knowledge are rapidly sketched. As a conclusion, we evoke the necessity of designing administrative protocols so that administration can negotiate the exchange of external knowledge bunches. In other words, this is an attempt to fully integrate the so-called Tobler’s first law of geography.
Highlights
We are entering into the knowledge society and local authorities must reorganize in order to base their behavior on knowledge. It can come from various sources, from experts to lay-citizens, by considering knowledge accumulated from centuries or millennia and more recent knowledge bunches extracted from data mining
In smart cities and territorial intelligence, it is of paramount importance to make geographic reasoning for planning or managing any territory and not to be blocked by borders
The objective of this paper was to study the concept of external geographic information and knowledge, and to examine a few issues concerning their use to ensure continuity of knowledge reasoning, as involved in the first law of geography (Tobler’s law)
Summary
We are entering into the knowledge society and local authorities must reorganize in order to base their behavior on knowledge. It can come from various sources, from experts to lay-citizens, by considering knowledge accumulated from centuries or millennia and more recent knowledge bunches extracted from data mining. Local authorities and especially cities have built information systems for planning and managing. Usually their data are describing various aspects inside their own jurisdiction (intra muros information). External knowledge (extra muros) can be very important to understand the behaviour and the evolution of the zone corresponding to the jurisdiction taking external influences into account
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