Abstract

Deficits in social functioning are especially severe amongst schizophrenia individuals with the prevalent comorbidity of social anxiety disorder (SZ&SAD). Yet, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of facial expression of emotions—a hallmark of social cognition—are practically unexplored in SZ&SAD. Here, we aim to reveal the visual representations SZ&SAD (n = 16) and controls (n = 14) rely on for facial expression recognition. We ran a total of 30,000 trials of a facial expression categorization task with Bubbles, a data-driven technique. Results showed that SZ&SAD’s ability to categorize facial expression was impared compared to controls. More severe negative symptoms (flat affect, apathy, reduced social drive) was associated with more impaired emotion recognition ability, and with more biases in attributing neutral affect to faces. Higher social anxiety symptoms, on the other hand, was found to enhance the reaction speed to neutral and angry faces. Most importantly, Bubbles showed that these abnormalities could be explained by inefficient visual representations of emotions: compared to controls, SZ&SAD subjects relied less on fine facial cues (high spatial frequencies) and more on coarse facial cues (low spatial frequencies). SZ&SAD participants also never relied on the eye regions (only on the mouth) to categorize facial expressions. We discuss how possible interactions between early (low sensitivity to coarse information) and late stages of the visual system (overreliance on these coarse features) might disrupt SZ&SAD’s recognition of facial expressions. Our findings offer perceptual mechanisms through which comorbid SZ&SAD impairs crucial aspects of social cognition, as well as functional psychopathology.

Highlights

  • Deficits in social cognition, notably in the recognition of facial expression of emotions, are one of the hallmark impairments in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ)[1]

  • We examined the use of facial features at different spatial frequencies across emotions

  • We examined the use of different spatial frequencies across emotions and facial features

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Summary

Introduction

Notably in the recognition of facial expression of emotions, are one of the hallmark impairments in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ)[1]. Social cognition deficits are significantly related to a person’s level of functioning[2], and emotion perception in particular is strongly and consistently associated with various domains of functioning, such as community functioning, social behaviors, social skills, and social problem solving[3]. SZ is associated with multiple comorbid disorders, including anxiety disorders and social anxiety disorder (SAD)[4,5]. Individuals suffering from comorbid schizophrenia and social anxiety (SZ&SAD) have a higher rate of suicide attempts, a high prevalence of alcohol/substance abuse disorders, and worse quality of life compared to those with SZ without social anxiety[7]. Considering the serious consequences of comorbid SZ&SAD, better understanding the mechanisms underlying their emotion recognition deficits is important

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