Abstract
Methods We searched the online database PubMed on 30 August 2020 for our data collection. We used the following keywords: sleep duration AND (cardiovascular disease OR cardiovascular event) AND (cohort OR prospective OR retrospective). We identified 653 studies, and after excluding studies that were published before 2015, we obtained 306 studies. After filtering the 306 studies through title and abstract screening and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we further reviewed fourteen studies with full-text reading. We excluded three studies because of insufficient data required and included eleven studies in this systematic review. Results A total of 361,041 participants from ten studies were included in this systematic review. The incidence of hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular diseases in the short sleep duration group is 46.12%, 0.59%, 5.43%, 0.09%, 7.18%, 1.48%, and 6.8%, consecutively, while the incidence of hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure in the long sleep duration group is 30.71%, 0.61%, 6.55%, 1.11%, and 6.04%, consecutively. Nine studies reported an association between sleep duration and cardiovascular diseases while one study reported no association. Seven studies reported that short sleep duration was significantly associated with CVD. Short sleep duration in this study was associated with hypertension and heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease were associated with both short and long sleep duration. Conclusion Abnormal sleep duration (short and long sleep duration) may act as the predictor of cardiovascular diseases. The importance of having normal sleep duration should be stressed with other lifestyle modification to avoid the risk of getting cardiovascular diseases. However, further studies are needed to overcome the limitation of this systematic review.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases, a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, were responsible for the highest death rate in the world
The cardiovascular diseases assessed by the 10 studies differed; 3 assessed hypertension, 1 assessed myocardial infarction, 2 assessed coronary heart disease, 1 assessed atrial fibrillation, 1 assessed heart failure, 1 assessed cardiovascular disease, and 1 assessed cardiovascular events
Short sleep duration in this study was associated with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular events
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases, a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, were responsible for the highest death rate in the world. It was estimated to be the cause of death of 17.9 million people in 2017 [1]. The advancement of cardiovascular diseases’ management that can be seen in the recent guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) brings hope to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the patients with cardiovascular diseases. The importance of lifestyle modifications (including balanced diet, physical activity, and obstructive sleep apnea management) has been stressed on the published guidelines [2–10]. The significance of having enough sleep was not yet included in the guidelines, even though it might further help the patients, especially in preventing further cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of people with a sleep disorder or report insufficient sleep has increased; it was reported by the National
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