Abnormal Shape and Size of the Cardiac Ventricles Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Neonatal Death in Fetuses with Isolated Left Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Abstract

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between fetal cardiac deformation analysis (CDA) and cardiac function with severe adverse perinatal outcomes in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods: CDA in each ventricle (contractility, size, and shape), evaluated by speckle tracking and novel FetalHQ software, and markers of cardiac function (E/A ratios, pulmonary and aortic peak systolic velocities, and sigmoid annular valve diameters), were evaluated in fetuses with isolated left CDH. Two evaluations were performed: at referral (CDA and function) and within 3 weeks of delivery (CDA). Severe adverse neonatal outcomes were considered neonatal death (ND) or survival with CDH-associated pulmonary hypertension (CDH-PH). Differences and associations between CDA, cardiac function, and severe adverse outcomes were estimated. Results: Fifty fetuses were included, and seventeen (34%) had severe adverse neonatal outcomes (11 ND and 6 survivors with CDH-PH). At first evaluation, the prevalence of a small left ventricle was 34% (17/50) with a higher prevalence among neonates presenting severe adverse outcomes (58.8 [10/17] vs. 21.2% [7/33]; p = 0.01; OR, 5.03 [1.4–19.1; p = 0.01]) and among those presenting with neonatal mortality (8/11 [72.7] vs. 9/39 [23.0%]; p = 0.03; OR, 8.9 [1.9–40.7; p = 0.005]). No differences in cardiac function or strain were noted between fetuses with or without severe adverse outcomes. Within 3 weeks of delivery, the prevalence of small left ventricle was higher (19/34; 55.8%) with a more globular shape (reduced transverse/longitudinal ratio). A globular right ventricle was significantly associated with ND or survival with CDH-PH (OR, 14.2 [1.5–138.3]; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Fetuses with isolated CDH at risk of perinatal death or survival with CDH-PH had a higher prevalence of a small left ventricle and abnormal shape of the right ventricle.