Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. The molecular mechanism of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still poorly understood. ESE3 is a member of the Ets transcription family, which is only expressed in epithelial tissues and acts as a tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer. Our study aim was to confirm whether ESE3 is involved in the carcinogenesis of ESCC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ESE3 was mainly located in cell nuclei of normal tissues and the cytoplasm in ESCC tissues. Immunofluorescence and western blot analyses of the normal esophageal cell line HEEpiC and ESCC cell lines EC9706 TE-1, KYSE150, and KYSE410 confirmed these results. pEGFP-ESE3 and pcDNA3.1-V5/HisA-ESE3 plasmids were constructed for overexpression of ESE3 in EC9706 and KYSE150 cells. The stably transfected cells showed restoration of the nuclear localization of ESE3. EC9706 cells with re-localization of ESE3 to the nucleus showed inhibition of proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. To explore the possible mechanism of the differences in localization of ESE3 in normal esophageal cells and ESCC cells, ESCC cell lines were treated with the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B, transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, PKC inhibitor sphinganine, P38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, and CK II inhibitor TBCA. These reagents were chosen according to the well-known mechanisms of protein translocation. However, the localization of ESE3 was unchanged after these treatments. The sequence of ESE3 cDNA in ESCC cells was identical to the standard sequence of ESE3 in the NCBI Genebank database, indicating that there was no mutation in the coding region of ESE3 in ESCC. Taken together, our study suggests that ESE3 plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of ESCC through changes in subcellular localization and may act as a tumor suppressor gene in ESCC, although the mechanisms require further study.
Highlights
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers in the world
Previous study has discovered that ESE3 is expressed in the nuclei of normal esophageal epithelial cells [10], whether ESE3 is involved in the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) is unknown
The results showed that ESE3 was expressed in all cell lines and localized mainly in the nuclei of HEEpiC cells and the cytoplasm of ESCC cell lines (Fig 2)
Summary
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers in the world. The development of ESCC is a very complex process involving multiple genes [3]. Many genes have been shown to be important in this process, the exact mechanism is poorly understood. ESE3 is a member of the Ets transcription family and expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells [4,5,6]. Studies of prostate cancer indicate that ESE3 is downregulated through promoter methylation and acts as a tumor suppressor gene [7,8,9]. Previous study has discovered that ESE3 is expressed in the nuclei of normal esophageal epithelial cells [10], whether ESE3 is involved in the carcinogenesis of ESCC is unknown
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