Abiotic Stresses and their Effects, Responses, and Adaptations in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera): Overview of Modern Research: a Review

Abstract

Grapevines are cultivated throughout the world and face environmental fluctuations due to changing climatic and abiotic conditions. Temperature stress, hormonal imbalance, salinity and drought stress are the most damaging abiotic stresses that affect the metabolic processes, physiological structure and yield of the plants. This review focuses on the recent advancement in the study of various abiotic stresses on grapevines, their responses and the development of tolerance in them. Grapevines are also very sensitive to these abiotic stresses and have adaptations such as increase in abscisic acid synthesis, ascorbate peroxide concentration and genes expression for the development of resistance to overcome the harsh environment. According to the recent research, the exogenous application of kaolin is very useful in the control of harmful effects of heat stress and hormonal imbalance in grapevines. The study of the different stable genes expression in grapevines under sanity drought and cold stress is also helpful in the synthesis of the most resistant transgenic plants. The further study of the application of the different protective chemicals on the grapevines under abiotic stresses will open new ways for their management. The future genetic study of grapevines for the identification of different reference genes will result in the synthesis of the most stable transgenic plants.