Abstract
Adverse conditions caused by abiotic stress modulate plant development and growth by altering morphological and cellular mechanisms. Plants’ responses/adaptations to stress often involve changes in the distribution and sorting of specific proteins and molecules. Still, little attention has been given to the molecular mechanisms controlling these rearrangements. We tested the hypothesis that plants respond to stress by remodelling their endomembranes and adapting their trafficking pathways. We focused on the molecular machinery behind organelle biogenesis and protein trafficking under abiotic stress conditions, evaluating their effects at the subcellular level, by looking at ultrastructural changes and measuring the expression levels of genes involved in well-known intracellular routes. The results point to a differential response of the endomembrane system, showing that the genes involved in the pathway to the Protein Storage Vacuole and the exocyst-mediated routes are upregulated. In contrast, the ones involved in the route to the Lytic Vacuole are downregulated. These changes are accompanied by morphological alterations of endomembrane compartments. The data obtained demonstrate that plants’ response to abiotic stress involves the differential expression of genes related to protein trafficking machinery, which can be connected to the activation/deactivation of specific intracellular sorting pathways and lead to alterations in the cell ultrastructure.
Highlights
Nowadays, climate change stands as a major threat to human well-being and survival, as it is the leading cause of crop collapses worldwide, leading to food insecurity and scarcity [1]
Our results show that genes that regulate the Protein Storage vacuole pathway are upregulated when plants grow in adverse conditions, along with genes involved in the exocytic route, indicating a positive regulation of some trafficking routes
Arabidopsis thaliana Germination and Growth Are Affected by Stress
Summary
Climate change stands as a major threat to human well-being and survival, as it is the leading cause of crop collapses worldwide, leading to food insecurity and scarcity [1]. Abiotic stresses, drought, soil salinity and extreme temperature, are often interrelated and the main inducers of oxidative stress in cells, causing cellular damage [3]. These diverse environmental stresses often activate signals and pathways involved in similar cellular responses: overexpression of antioxidants, accumulation of solutes, changes in protein trafficking and endomembrane remodelling [4,5,6]. High throughput screening techniques, such as microarrays and RNA sequencing, identified many stress-related genes. Recent experimental evidence [9,10] suggests that several classes of proteins (such as Aquaporins, SNARES, ATPase pumps or channels) can control specific membrane transport events, leading to important events of cell reorganisation in adverse environmental conditions
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