Ability of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine, to induce cross-neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Abstract

SpikoGen® vaccine is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine expressed in insect cells comprising recombinant spike protein extracellular domain formulated with Advax-CpG55.2™ adjuvant. A Phase 2 trial was conducted in 400 adult participants randomised 3:1 to receive two intramuscular doses of SpikoGen® vaccine or saline placebo 3 weeks apart. Some Phase 2 trial participants later enrolled in a separate booster study and received a third dose of SpikoGen® vaccine. This stored serum was used to assess the ability of SpikoGen® vaccine to induce cross-neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sera taken at baseline and 2 weeks after the second vaccine dose from baseline seronegative Phase 2 subjects was evaluated using a panel of spike pseudotype lentivirus neutralisation assays for the ability to cross-neutralise a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5. Stored samples of subjects who participated in both the 2-dose Phase 2 trial and a third dose booster trial 6 months later were also analysed for changes in cross-neutralising antibodies over time and dose. Two weeks after the second dose, sera broadly cross-neutralised most variants of concern, albeit with titres against Omicron variants being ~10-fold lower. While Omicron titres fell to low levels 6 months after the second vaccine dose in most subjects, they showed a ~20-fold rise after the third dose booster, after which there was only a ~2-3-fold difference in neutralisation of Omicron and the ancestral strains. Despite being based on the ancestral Wuhan sequence, after two doses, SpikoGen® vaccine induced broadly cross-neutralising serum antibodies. Titres then reduced over time but were rapidly restored by a third dose booster. This resulted in high neutralisation including against the Omicron variants. This data supports ongoing use of SpikoGen® vaccine for protection against recent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants.